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The Binomial Distribution
Section 5.2
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Objectives
1. Determine whether a random variable is binomial
2. Determine the probability distribution of a binomial random
variable
3. Compute binomial probabilities
4. Compute the mean and variance of a binomial random
variable
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Objective 1
Determine whether a random variable is
binomial
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Binomial Distribution
Suppose that your favorite fast food chain is giving away a coupon with
every purchase of a meal. Twenty percent of the coupons entitle
you to a free hamburger, and the rest of them say better luck next
time. Ten of you order lunch at this restaurant.
Suppose we want to know the probability that three of you win a free
hamburger? In general, if we let be the number of people out of ten
that win a free hamburger. What is the probability distribution of ?
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Conditions for a Binomial Distribution
In the problem just described, each time we examine a coupon, we call it a
trial, so there are 10 trials. When a coupon is good for a free hamburger, we
will call it a success. The random variable represents the number of
successes in 10 trials.
A random variable that represents the number of successes in a series of trials
has a probability distribution called the binomial distribution. The conditions
are:
A fixed number of trials are conducted.
There are two possible outcomes for each trial. One is labeled success and
the other is labeled failure.
The probability of success is the same on each trial.
The trials are independent. This means that the outcome of one trial does
not affect the outcomes of the other trials.
The random variable represents the number of successes that occur.
Notation: = number of trials, = probability of a success
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Example 1: Binomial Experiment
A fair coin is tossed ten times. Let be the number of times
the coin lands heads. Is this a binomial experiment?
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Example 2: Binomial Experiment
Five basketball players each attempt a free throw. Let be
the number of free throws made. Is this a binomial
experiment?
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Example 3: Binomial Experiment
Ten cards are in a box. Five are red and five are green. Three
of the cards are drawn at random. Let be the number of
red cards drawn. Is this a binomial experiment?
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Objective 2
Determine the probability distribution of a
binomial random variable
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The Binomial Probability Distribution
Consider the binomial experiment of tossing 3 times a biased coin that has
probability 0.6 of coming up heads. Let be the number of heads that
come up. If we want to compute (2), the probability that exactly 2 of the
tosses are heads, there are 3 arrangements of two heads in three tosses:
HHT, HTH, THH. The probability of HHT is (HHT) = (0.6)(0.6)(0.4) =
(0.6)2(0.4). Similarly, we find that (HTH) = (THH) = (0.6)2(0.4).
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Objective 3*
Compute binomial probabilities
*(Hand Computation)
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Example: Binomial (Hand Computation)
The Pew Research Center reported in a recent year that approximately
30% of U.S. adults own a tablet computer such as an iPad, Samsung
Galaxy Tab, or Kindle Fire. Suppose a simple random sample of 15 people
is taken. Use the binomial probability distribution to find the following
probabilities.
a) Find the probability that exactly four of the sampled people own a
tablet computer.
b) Find the probability that fewer than three of the people own a tablet
computer.
c) Find the probability that more than one person owns a tablet
computer.
d) Find the probability that the number of people who own a tablet
computer is between 1 and 4, inclusive.
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Example: Part a) (Hand Comp.)
Note that = 15 and = 0.3.
a) Find the probability that exactly four of the sampled people own a
tablet computer.
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Example: Part b) (Hand Comp.)
b) Find the probability that fewer than three of the people own a tablet
computer.
The possible numbers of people that are fewer than three are 0, 1, and 2:
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Example: Part c) (Hand Comp.)
c) Find the probability that more than one person owns a tablet
computer.
P (1 or 2 or 3 or 4) = 15C1(0.3)
1 (10.3)15-1 + 15C2(0.3)2 (10.3)15-2
+ 15C3(0.3)3 (10.3)15-3 + 15C4(0.3)4 (10.3)15-4
= 0.0305 + 0.0916 + 0.1700 + 0.2186
= 0.511
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Objective 3**
Compute binomial probabilities
**(Tables)
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Example: Binomial (Tables)
The Pew Research Center reported in a recent year that approximately
30% of U.S. adults own a tablet computer such as an iPad, Samsung
Galaxy Tab, or Kindle Fire. Suppose a simple random sample of 15 people
is taken. Use the binomial probability distribution to find the following
probabilities.
a) Find the probability that exactly four of the sampled people own a
tablet computer.
b) Find the probability that fewer than three of the people own a
tablet computer.
c) Find the probability that more than one person owns a tablet
computer.
d) Find the probability that the number of people who own a tablet
computer is between 1 and 4, inclusive.
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Example: Part a) (Tables)
Note that = 15 and = 0.3.
(4) = 0.219
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Example: Part b) (Tables)
b) Find the probability that fewer than three of the people own a
tablet computer.
Fewer than 3 = 0 + 1 + 2
= 0.005 + 0.031 + 0.092
= 0.128
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Example: Part c) (Tables)
c) Find the probability that more than one person owns a tablet
computer.
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Objective 3***
Compute binomial probabilities
***(TI-84 PLUS)
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Binomial Probabilities on the TI-84 PLUS
In the TI-84 PLUS Calculator, there are two primary commands for computing
binomial probabilities. These are binompdf and binomcdf. These commands
are on the DISTR (distributions) menu accessed by pressing 2nd, VARS.
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binompdf and binomcdf Commands
binompdf
To compute the probability that the random variable equals the
value given the parameters and , use the binompdf command
with the following format:
binompdf(n,p,x)
binomcdf
To compute the probability that the random variable is less than or
equal to the value given the parameters and , use the binomcdf
command with the following format:
binomcdf(n,p,x)
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Example: Binomial (TI-84 PLUS)
The Pew Research Center reported in a recent year that approximately
30% of U.S. adults own a tablet computer such as an iPad, Samsung
Galaxy Tab, or Kindle Fire. Suppose a simple random sample of 15 people
is taken. Use the binomial probability distribution to find the following
probabilities.
a) Find the probability that exactly four of the sampled people own a
tablet computer.
b) Find the probability that fewer than three of the people own a tablet
computer.
c) Find the probability that more than one person owns a tablet
computer.
d) Find the probability that the number of people who own a tablet
computer is between 1 and 4, inclusive.
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Example: Part a) (TI-84 PLUS)
Note that = 15 and = 0.3.
a) Find the probability that exactly four of the sampled people own a
tablet computer.
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Example: Part b) (TI-84 PLUS)
b) Find the probability that fewer than three of the people own a
tablet computer.
The binomcdf command computes the probability that there are less
than or equal to successes. The event fewer than three is
equivalent to less than or equal to two.
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Example: Part c) (TI-84 PLUS)
c) Find the probability that more than one person owns a tablet
computer.
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Example: Part d) (TI-84 PLUS)
d) Find the probability that the number of people who own a tablet
computer is between 1 and 4, inclusive.
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Objective 4
Compute the mean and variance of a binomial
random variable
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Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Let be a binomial random variable with trials and
success probability .
The variance of is
= ( )
Solution:
There are = 25 trials, with success probability = 0.15.
The mean is
= = 25 0.15
= 3.75
The standard deviation is
= 1 = 25 0.15 1 0.15
= 1.785
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You Should Know . . .
How to determine whether a random variable is binomial
The notation for a binomial experiment
How to determine the probability distribution of a
binomial random variable
How to compute binomial probabilities
How to compute the mean and variance of a binomial
random variable
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