PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

OF

EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

By Ed Wilson Draft dated 8/15/14

September 22 and 24 2014

SEAONC Lectures
http://edwilson.org/History/Slides/Past%20Present%20Future%202014.ppt
 1964 Genes Comment a true story
. Ed developed a new program for the Analysis of
Complex Rockets
Ed talks to Gene ------
Two weeks later Gene calls Ed ------
Ed goes to see Gene -----
The next day, Gene calls Ed and tells him
Ed, why did you not tell me about this program.
It is the greatest program I ever used.
 Summary of Lecture Topics

1. Fundamental Principles of Mechanics and Nature

2. Example of the Present Problem Caltrans Criteria
3. The Response Spectrum Method
4. Demand Capacity Calculations
5. Speed of Computers The Last Fifty Years
6. Terms I do not Understand
7. The Load Dependant Ritz Vectors - LDR Vectors
8. The Fast Nonlinear Analysis Method FNA Method
9. Recommendations edwilson.org
10. Questions ed-wilson1@juno.com
 Fundamental Equations of Structural Analysis
1.Equilibrium - Including Inertia Forces - Must be Satisfied

2.Material Properties or Stress / Strain or Force / Deformation

3.Displacement Compatibility Or Equations or Geometry

Methods of Analysis
1.Force Good for approximate hand methods
2.Displacement - 99 % of programs use this method
3.Mixed - Beam Ex. Plane Sections & V = dM/dz
Check Conservation of Energy
My First Earthquake Engineering Paper
October 1-5 1962
 THE PRESENT

SAB Meeting on August 28, 2013

Comments on the
Response Spectrum Analysis Method

As Used in the
CALTRANS SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA
 Topics
1. Why do most Engineers have Trouble with Dynamics?
Taught by people who love math No physical examples
2 Who invented the Response Spectrum Method?
Ray Clough and I did ? by putting it into my computer program
3 Application by CalTrans to Ordinary Standard Structures
Why 30 ? Why reference to Transverse & Longitudinal directions
4 Physical behavior of Skew Bridges Failure Mode
5 Equal Displacement Rule?
6 Quote from George W. Housner
 Who Developed the Approximate Response Spectrum Method of
Seismic Analysis of Bridges and other Structures?
1. Fifty years ago there were only digital acceleration records for 3 earthquakes.
2. Building codes gave design spectra for a one degree of freedom systems
with no guidance of how to combine the response of of the higher modes.
3. At the suggestion of Ray Clough, I programmed the square root of the sum of the
square of the modal values for displacements and member forces. However, I
required the user to manually combine the results from the two orthogonal spectra.
Users demanded that I modify my programs to automatically combine the two
directions. I refused because there was no theoretical justification.
4. The user then modify my programs by using the 100%+30% or 100%+40% rules.
5. Starting in 1981 Der Kiureghian and I published papers showing that the CQC
method should be used be used for combining modal responses for each spectrum
and the two orthogonal spectra be combined by the SRSS method.
6. We now have Thousands or of 3D earthquake records from hundred of seismic
events. Therefore, why not use Nonlinear Time-History Analyses that SATISFIES
FORCE EQUILIBREUM.
If Equal Spectra are applied to any Global XY-Z System

Base Shear Mode 2

Y

Torsion or Mode 1, 2 or Mode 3

Base Shear Mode 1

Member Forces are the same for all Global XY Systems,

If Calculated from Fi FiX FiY FiZ
 Nonlinear Failure Mode For Skew Bridges

F(t)
Abutment Force
Acting on Bridge

Tensional Failure u(t)

Contact at Right Abutment

u(t)
Tensional Failure

Abutment Force
F(t) Acting on Bridge

Contact at Left Abutment

Possible Torsional Failure Mode

Design Joint Connectors for Joint Shear Forces?

Use a Global Modal for all Analyses

+Y

-X +X

-Y

Figure 5.2.2-1 EDA Modeling Techniques

Use Global X-Y-Z System for all Models
 Seismic Analysis Advice by Ed Wilson
1. All Bridges are Three-Dimensional and their Dynamic Behavior is
governed by the Mass and Stiffness Properties of the structure. The
Longitudinal and Transverse directions are geometric properties. All
Structures have Torsional Modes of Vibrations.

2. The Response Spectrum Analysis Method is a very approximate

method of seismic analysis which only produces positive values of
displacements and member forces which are not in equilibrium.
Demand / Capacity Ratios have Very Large Errors
3. A structural engineer may take several days to prepare and verify a
linear SAP2000 model of an Ordinary Standard Bridge. It would take
less than a day to add Nonlinear Gap Elements to model the joints. If
a family of 3D earthquake motions are specified, the program will
automatically summarize the maximum demand-capacity ratios and
the time they occur in a few minutes of computer time.
 Convince Yourself with a simple test problem
1. Select an existing Sap 2000 model of a Ordinary Standard
Bridge with several different spans both straight and curved.
2. Select one earthquake ground acceleration record to be used as
the input loading which is approximately 20 seconds long.
3. Create a spectrum from the selected earthquake ground
acceleration record.
4. Using a number of modes that captures a least 90 percent of
the mass in all three directions.
5. At a 45 degree angle, Run a Linear Time History Analysis and
a Response Spectrum Analysis.
6. Compare Demand Capacity Ratios for both SAP 2000 analysis
for all members.
7. You decide if the Approximate RSA results are in good
agreement with the Linear time History Results.
 Educational Priorities of an Old Professor
on Seismic Analysis of Structures
Convince Engineers that the Response Spectrum Method
Produces very Poor Results
1. Method is only exact for single degree of freedom systems
2. It produces only positive numbers for Displacements and Member
Forces.
3. Results are maximum probable values and occur at an Unknown
Time
4. Short and Long Duration earthquakes are treated the same using
Design Spectra
5. Demand/Capacity Ratios are always Over Conservative for most
Members.
6. The Engineer does not gain insight into the Dynamic Behavior of
the Structure Results are not in equilibrium. More modes and 3D
analysis will cause more errors.
7. Nonlinear Spectra Analysis is Smoke and Mirrors Forget it
 Convince Engineers that it is easy to conduct
Linear Dynamic Response Analysis
It is a simple extension of Static Analysis just add mass and time
dependent loads
1. Static and Dynamic Equilibrium is satisfied at all points in time if
all modes are included
2. Errors in the results can be estimated automatically if modes are
truncated
3. Time-dependent plots and animation are impressive and fun to
produce
4. Capacity/Demand Ratios are accurate and a function of time
summarized by program.
5. Engineers can gain great insight into the dynamic response of the
structure and may help in the redesign of the structural system.
 Terminology commonly used in nonlinear
analysis that do not have a unique definition

1.Equal Displacement Rule can you prove it?

2.Pushover Analysis
3.Equivalent Linear Damping
4. Equivalent Static Analysis
5.Nonlinear Spectrum Analysis
6.Onerous Response History Analysis
 Equal Displacement Rule
In 1960 Veletsos and Newmark proposed in a
paper presented at the 2nd WCEE
For a one DOF System, subjected to the El Centro
Earthquake, the Maximum Displacement was
approximately the same for both linear and
nonlinear analyses.
In 1965 Clough and Wilson, at the 3rd WCEE,
proved the Equal Displacement Rule did not
apply to multi DOF structures.
http://edwilson.org/History/Pushover.pdf
 1965 Professor Cloughs Comment
. If tall buildings are designed for elastic
column behavior and restrict the nonlinear
bending behavior to the girders, it appears
the danger of total collapse of the building
is reduced.
This indicates the strong-column and week
beam design is the one of the first
statements on
Performance Based Design
 The Response Spectrum Method
Basic Assumptions

I do not know who first called it a response spectrum,

but unfortunate the term leads people to think that the
characterize the buildings motion, rather than the
grounds motion.
George W. Housner
EERI Oral History, 1996
Typical Earthquake Ground Acceleration percent of gravity
Integration will produce Earthquake Ground Displacement inches

These real Eq. Displacement can be used as Computer Input

Relative Displacement Spectrum for
a unit mass with different periods
1. These displacements Ymax are
maximum (+ or -) values versus
period for a structure or mode.
2. Note: we do not know the time
these maximum took place.
Pseudo

Acceleration Spectrum
Note: S = w2 Ymax has the same
properties as the Displacement
Spectrum. Therefore, how can
anyone justify combining values,
which occur at different times, and
expect to obtain accurate results.
CASE CLOSED
General Horizontal Response Spectrum
from ASCE 41- 06

Simple User Defined Data

effective viscous ratio
S xs peak base acceleration
S x1 valueat 1.0 sec period

Constants to be Calculated
B1 4 [ 5.6 ln( 100 )
Ts S x1 / S sx
T 0 0.2Ts

Duration has been Neglected

Shape is not Realistic
NonLinear Structures - No
Where did the hat go?
Where did the Hat go - on the Response Spectrum ?
As I Recall -------
 Demand-Capacity Ratios
The Demand-Capacity ratio for a linear elastic,
compression member is given by an equation of the
following general form:
P( t ) M 2 ( t ) C2 M 3 ( t ) C3
R( t ) 1.0
c Pcr P( t ) P( t )
b M c 2 ( 1 ) b M c 3 ( 1 )
Pe 2 Pe 3

If the axial force and the two moments are a function of

time, the Demand-Capacity ratio will be a function of time
and a smart computer program will produce R(max) and
the time it occurred.
A smart engineer will hand check several of these values.
 RSM Demand-Capacity Ratios
If the axial force and the two moments are produced by the
Response Spectrum Method the Demand-Capacity ratio may
be computed by an equation of the following general form:

P(max) M 2 (max)C2 M 3 (max)C3

R(max) 1.0
c Pcr P(max) P(max)
b M c 2 ( 1 ) b M c 3 ( 1 )
Pe 2 Pe 3

A smart computer program can compute this Demand-

Capacity Ratio. However, only an idiot would believe it.
 SPEED and COST of COMPUTERS
1957 to 2014 to the Cloud
You can now buy a very powerful small
computer for less than $1,000
However, it may cost you several
thousand dollars of your time to learn
how to use all the new options.
If it has a new operating system
 1957 My First Computer in Cory Hall
IBM 701 Vacuum Tube Digital Computer

Could solve 40 equations in 30 minutes

 1981 My First Computer Assembled at Home
Paid $6000 for a 8 bit CPM Operating System with FORTRAN.

Used it to move programs from the CDC 6400 to the VAX on Campus.

Developed a new program called SAP 80 without using any Statements from previous versions of SAP.

After two years, system became obsolete when IBM released DOS with a floating point chip.

In 1984, CSI developed Graphics and Design Post-Processor and started distribution of the
Professional Version of Sap 80
Floating-Point Speeds of Computer Systems
Definition of one Operation A = B + C*D 64 bits - REAL*8

Computer Operations Relative

Year or CPU Per Second Speed
1962 CDC-6400 50,000 1
1964 CDC-6600 100,000 2
1974 CRAY-1 3,000,000 60
1981 IBM-3090 20,000,000 400
1981 CRAY-XMP 40,000,000 800
1994 Pentium-90 3,500,000 70
1995 Pentium-133 5,200,000 104
1995 DEC-5000 upgrade 14,000,000 280
1998 Pentium II - 333 37,500,000 750
1999 Pentium III - 450 69,000,000 1,380
 Cost of Personal Computer Systems
Speed Operations Relative
YEAR CPU COST
MHz Per Second Speed
1980 8080 4 200 1 $6,000
1984 8087 10 13,000 65 $2,500

1988 80387 20 93,000 465 $8,000

1991 80486 33 605,000 3,025 $10,000
1994 80486 66 1,210,000 6,050 $5,000
1996 Pentium 233 10,300,000 52,000 $4,000
1997 Pentium II 233 11,500,000 58,000 $3,000
1998 Pentium II 333 37,500,000 198,000 $2,500
1999 Pentium III 450 69,000,000 345,000 $1,500
2003 Pentium IV 2000 220,000,000 1.100,000 $2.000
2006 AMD - Athlon 2000 440,000,000 2,200,000 $950
 Computer Cost Operations Relative
Year
or CPU Per Second Speed
1962 CDC-6400 $1,000,000 50,000 1
1974 CRAY-1 $4,000,000 3,000,000 60
1981 VAX or Prime $100,000 100,000
2

1994 Pentium-90 $5,000 4,000,000

70

1999 Intel Pentium III-450 $1,500 69,000,000

1,380

2006 AMD 64 Laptop $2,000 400,000,000

8,000

2009 Min Laptop $300 200,000,000

4,000

2010 2.4 GHz Intel Core i3 64 bit 1.35 Billion

$1,000 27,000
Win 7 Laptop Intel Fortran

2.80 GHz 2 Quad Core 64 2.80 Billion

2013 $1,000 56,000
bit Win 7 Parallelized Fortran

The cost of one operation has been reduced by 56,000,000 in the last 50 years
Computer Cost versus Engineers Monthly Salary

$1,000,000
c/s = 1,000 c/s = 0.10

$10,000

$1,000 $1,000

1963 Time 2013

Fast Nonlinear Analysis
With Emphasis
On Earthquake Engineering
BY
Ed Wilson
Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering
University of California, Berkeley

edwilson.org

May 25, 2006

 Summary Of Presentation
1. History of the Finite Element Method

2. History Of The Development of SAP

3. Computer Hardware Developments

4. Methods For Linear and Nonlinear Analysis

5. Generation And Use Of LDR Vectors and

Fast Nonlinear Analysis - FNA Method

6. Example Of Parallel Engineering

Analysis of the Richmond - San Rafael Bridge
 From The Foreword Of
The First SAP Manual
"The slang name S A P was selected to
remind the user that this program, like
all programs, lacks intelligence.

It is the responsibility of the engineer to

idealize the structure correctly and
assume responsibility for the results.

Ed Wilson 1970
 The SAP Series of Programs
1969 - 70 SAP Used Static Loads to Generate Ritz Vectors

1971 - 72 Solid-Sap Rewritten by Ed Wilson

1972 -73 SAP IV Subspace Iteration Dr. Jgen Bathe

1973 74 NON SAP New Program The Start of ADINA

1979 80 SAP 80 New Linear Program for Personal Computers

Lost All Research and Development Funding

1983 1987 SAP 80 CSI added Pre and Post Processing

1987 - 1990 SAP 90 Significant Modification and Documentation

1997 Present SAP 2000 Nonlinear Elements More Options

With Windows Interface
Load-Dependent Ritz Vectors
LDR Vectors 1980 - 2000
MOTAVATION 3D Reactor on Soft Foundation

Dynamic Analysis - 1979 3 D Concrete Reactor

by Bechtel using SAP IV

200 Exact Eigenvalues 3 D Soft Soil Elements

were Calculated and all 360 degrees
of the Modes were in the
foundation No Stresses
in the Reactor.

The cost for the analysis

on the CLAY Computer
was
$10,000
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
EQUATIONS
M a + C v + K u = F(t)
a = Node Accelerations
v = Node Velocities
u = Node Displacements
M = Node Mass Matrix
C = Damping Matrix
K = Stiffness Matrix
F(t) = Time-Dependent Forces
 PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED
Ma + Cv+ Ku = f g(t)
i i

= - Mx ax - My ay - Mz az

For 3D Earthquake Loading

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE ANALYSIS

IS TO SOLVE FOR ACCURATE
DISPLACEMENTS and MEMBER FORCES
METHODS OF DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
For Both Linear and Nonlinear Systems
BY STEP INTEGRATION - 0, dt, 2 dt ... N dt
STEP

USE OF MODE SUPERPOSITION WITH EIGEN OR

LOAD-DEPENDENT RITZ VECTORS FOR FNA

For Linear Systems Only
TRANSFORMATION
TO THE FREQUENCY
DOMAIN and FFT METHODS

RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD - CQC - SRSS

STEP BY STEP SOLUTION METHOD
1. Form Effective Stiffness Matrix

2. Solve Set Of Dynamic Equilibrium

Equations For Displacements At
Each Time Step

3. For Non Linear Problems

Calculate Member Forces For
Each Time Step and Iterate for
Equilibrium - Brute Force Method
MODE SUPERPOSITION METHOD
1. Generate Orthogonal Dependent
Vectors And Frequencies

2. Form Uncoupled Modal Equations

And Solve Using An Exact Method
For Each Time Increment.

3. Recover Node Displacements

As a Function of Time

4. Calculate Member Forces

As a Function of Time
 GENERATION OF LOAD
DEPENDENT RITZ VECTORS
1. Approximately Three Times Faster Than
The Calculation Of Exact Eigenvectors
2. Results In Improved Accuracy Using A
Smaller Number Of LDR Vectors
3. Computer Storage Requirements
Reduced
4. Can Be Used For Nonlinear Analysis To
Capture Local Static Response
STEP 1. INITIAL CALCULATION
A. TRIANGULARIZE STIFFNESS MATRIX

B. DUE TO A BLOCK OF STATIC LOAD VECTORS, f,

SOLVE FOR A BLOCK OF DISPLACEMENTS, u,

Ku=f
C. MAKE u STIFFNESS AND MASS ORTHOGONAL TO
FORM FIRST BLOCK OF LDL VECTORS V 1

V1T M V1 = I
STEP 2. VECTOR GENERATION
i = 2 . . . . N Blocks

A. Solve for Block of Vectors, K Xi = M Vi-1

B. Make Vector Block, Xi , Stiffness and

Mass Orthogonal - Yi

C. Use Modified Gram-Schmidt, Twice, to

Make Block of Vectors, Yi , Orthogonal
to all Previously Calculated Vectors - Vi
STEP 3. MAKE VECTORS
STIFFNESS ORTHOGONAL

A. SOLVE Nb x Nb Eigenvalue Problem

[ V T K V ] Z = [ w2 ] Z

B. CALCULATE MASS AND STIFFNESS

ORTHOGONAL LDR VECTORS

VR = V Z =
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF BEAM
100 pounds

10 AT 12" = 120"

FORCE = Step Function

TIME
 MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT
Number of Vectors Eigen Vectors Load Dependent Vectors
1 0.004572 (-2.41) 0.004726 (+0.88)

2 0.004572 (-2.41) 0.004591 ( -2.00)

3 0.004664 (-0.46) 0.004689 (+0.08)

4 0.004664 (-0.46) 0.004685 (+0.06)

5 0.004681 (-0.08) 0.004685 ( 0.00)

7 0.004683 (-0.04)

9 0.004685 (0.00)
( Error in Percent)
 MAXIMUM MOMENT
Number of Vectors Eigen Vectors Load Dependent Vectors
1 4178 ( - 22.8 %) 5907 ( + 9.2 )

2 4178 ( - 22.8 ) 5563 ( + 2.8 )

3 4946 ( - 8.5 ) 5603 ( + 3.5 )

4 4946 ( - 8.5 ) 5507 ( + 1.8)

5 5188 ( - 4.1 ) 5411 ( 0.0 )

7 5304 ( - .0 )

9 5411 ( 0.0 )

( Error in Percent )
 LDR Vector Summary
After Over 20 Years Experience Using the
LDR Vector Algorithm
We Have Always Obtained More Accurate
Displacements and Stresses
Compared to Using the Same Number of
Exact Dynamic Eigenvectors.
SAP 2000 has Both Options
The Fast Nonlinear Analysis Method
The FNA Method was Named in 1996

Designed for the Dynamic Analysis of

Structures with a Limited Number of Predefined
Nonlinear Elements
FAST NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
1. EVALUATE LDR VECTORS WITH
NONLINEAR ELEMENTS REMOVED AND
DUMMY ELEMENTS ADDED FOR STABILITY

2. SOLVE ALL MODAL EQUATIONS WITH

NONLINEAR FORCES ON THE RIGHT HAND SIDE

3. USE EXACT INTEGRATION WITHIN EACH TIME STEP

4. FORCE AND ENERGY EQUILIBRIUM ARE

STATISFIED AT EACH TIME STEP BY ITERATION
BASE ISOLATION

Isolators
BUILDING
IMPACT
ANALYSIS
 FRICTION
DEVICE

CONCENTRATED
DAMPER

NONLINEAR
ELEMENT
 GAP ELEMENT

BRIDGE DECK ABUTMENT

TENSION ONLY ELEMENT

 PLASTIC
HINGES

2 ROTATIONAL DOF

DEGRADING STIFFNESS ?
 Mechanical Damper

F = f (u,v,umax ) F = ku

F = C vN
Mathematical Model
 LINEAR VISCOUS DAMPING
DOES NOT EXIST IN NORMAL STRUCTURES
AND FOUNDATIONS

5 OR 10 PERCENT MODAL DAMPING VALUES

ARE OFTEN USED TO JUSTIFY ENERGY
DISSIPATION DUE TO NONLINEAR EFFECTS

IF ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES ARE USED

THEN 1 PERCENT MODAL DAMPING SHOULD
BE USED FOR THE ELASTIC PART OF
THE STRUCTURE - CHECK ENERGY
PLOTS
 103 FEET DIAMETER - 100 FEET HEIGHT

NONLINEAR
DIAGONALS

BASE
ISOLATION

ELEVATED WATER STORAGE TANK

 COMPUTER MODEL

92 NODES

103 ELASTIC FRAME ELEMENTS

56 NONLINEAR DIAGONAL ELEMENTS

600 TIME STEPS @ 0.02 Seconds

 COMPUTER TIME
REQUIREMENTS
PROGRAM

ANSYS INTEL 486 3 Days ( 4300 Minutes )

ANSYS CRAY 3 Hours ( 180 Minutes )

SADSAP INTEL 486 (2 Minutes )

( B Array was 56 x 20 )
Nonlinear Equilibrium Equations
Nonlinear Equilibrium Equations
Summary Of FNA Method

1. Calculate LDR Vectors for Structure

With the Nonlinear Elements Removed.

2. These Vectors Satisfy the Following

Orthogonality Properties

K M I
T 2 T
3. The Solution Is Assumed to Be a Linear
Combination of the LDR Vectors. Or,

u (t ) Y (t ) n y (t ) n
n
Which Is the Standard
Mode Superposition Equation

Remember the LDR Vectors Are a Linear

Combination of the Exact Eigenvectors;
Plus, the Static Displacement Vectors.
No Additional Approximations Are Made.
4. A typical modal equation is uncoupled.
However, the modes are coupled by the
unknown nonlinear modal forces which
are of the following form:

fn n Fn
5. The deformations in the nonlinear elements
can be calculated from the following
displacement transformation equation:

Au
6. Since u (t ) Y (t ) the deformations in
the nonlinear elements can be expressed
in terms of the modal response by

(t ) A Y(t ) B Y(t )
Where the size of the Barray is equal to
the number of deformations times the
number of LDR vectors.

The B array is calculated only once prior

to the start of mode integration.

THE B ARRAY CAN BE STORED IN RAM

7. 7. The nonlinear element forces
are calculated, for iteration i , at the
end of each time step

t
(i )
BYt(i )
Deformations in
Nonlinear Elements
Pt
(i )
Function of Element History
(i )
f Nt B T
Yt(i )
Nonlinear Modal Loads
( i 1)
Yt New Solution of Modal Equation
8. Calculate error for iteration i , at the end
of each time step, for the N
Nonlinear elements given Tol
N N

| f (t
n=1
i
)n | - | f (t
n=1
i -1
)n |
Err = N

| f (t
n=1
i
)n |

If Err Tol Continueto iterate with i i 1

If Err Tol go to next time step with t t t
 FRAME WITH
UPLIFTING
ALLOWED

UPLIFTING ALLOWED
Four Static Load Conditions
Are Used To Start The
Generation of LDR Vectors

EQ DL Left Right
NONLINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS
50 STEPS AT dT = 0.10 SECONDS

LOAD DEAD LOAD

LATERAL LOAD

0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

TIME - Seconds
Advantages Of The FNA Method
1. The Method Can Be Used For Both
Static And Dynamic Nonlinear Analyses

2. The Method Is Very Efficient And

Requires A Small Amount Of
Additional Computer Time As
Compared To Linear Analysis

2. The Method Can Easily Be Incorporated

Into Existing Computer Programs For
LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS.
PARALLEL ENGINEERING

AND

PARALLEL COMPUTERS
ONE PROCESSOR ASSIGNED TO EACH JOINT
3

2
1

3
1 2

ONE PROCESSOR ASSIGNEDTO EACH MEMBER

 PARALLEL STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
DIVIDE STRUCTURE INTO "N" DOMAINS

FORM ELEMENT STIFFNESS

IN PARALLEL FOR
"N" SUBSTRUCTURES

FORM AND SOLVE EQUILIBRIUM EQ.

EVALUATE ELEMENT
FORCES IN PARALLEL
IN "N" SUBSTRUCTURES
TYPICAL
COMPUTER
NONLINEAR LOOP
FIRST PRACTICAL APPLICTION
OF
THE FNA METHOD

Retrofit of the

RICHMOND - SAN RAFAEL BRIDGE

1997 to 2000

Using SADSAP
S TATIC
A ND
D YNAMIC
S TRUCTURAL
A NALYSIS
P ROGRAM
TYPICAL ANCHOR
PIER
 MULTISUPPORT
ANALYSIS
( Displacements )

ANCHOR PIERS

RITZ VECTOR
LOAD
PATTERNS
 SUBSTRUCTURE PHYSICS

Stiffness Matrix
Size = 3 x 16 = 48

"a"
MASSLESS JOINT
( Eliminated DOF )

"b" MASS POINTS and

JOINT REACTIONS
( Retained DOF )
SUBSTRUCTURE STIFFNESS

k aa k ab
k
ba k bb
REDUCE IN SIZE BY LUMPING MASSES
OR BY ADDING INTERNAL MODES
 ADVANTAGES IN THE
USE OF SUBSTRUCTURES

1. FORM OF MESH GENERATION

2. LOGICAL SUBDIVISION OF WORK

3. MANY SHORT COMPUTER RUNS

4. RERUN ONLY SUBSTRUCTURES

WHICH WERE REDESIGNED

5. PARALLEL POST PROCESSING

USING NETWORKING
ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME
 FIELD MEASUREMENTS
REQUIRED TO VERIFY
1. MODELING ASSUMPTIONS
2. SOIL-STRUCTURE MODEL
3. COMPUTER PROGRAM
4. COMPUTER USER
CHECK OF RIGID
DIAPHRAGM
APPROXIMATION

MECHANICAL
VIBRATION
DEVICES
 FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF
PERIODS AND MODE SHAPES
MODE TFIELD TANALYSIS Diff. - %
1 1.77 Sec. 1.78 Sec. 0.5
2 1.69 1.68 0.6
3 1.68 1.68 0.0
4 0.60 0.61 0.9
5 0.60 0.61 0.9
6 0.59 0.59 0.8
7 0.32 0.32 0.2
- - - -
11 0.23 0.32 2.3
FIRST DIAPHRAGM
MODE SHAPE

15 th Period
TFIELD = 0.16 Sec.
 At the Present Time
Most Laptop Computers
Can be directly connected to a
3D Acceleration Seismic Box
Therefore, Every Earthquake Engineer
C an verify Computed Frequencies
If software has been developed
 Final Remark
Geotechnical Engineers must

produce realistic Earthquake records

for use by Structural Engineers

 Errors Associated with the use of
Relative Displacements

Compared with the use of real

Physical Earthquake Displacements

Classical Viscous Damping does not exist

In the Real Physical World
Comparison of Relative and Absolute Displacement Seismic Analysis
z Properties:
Thickness = 2.0 ft Typical Story Load
Width =20.0 ft
I = 27,648,000 in4
Mub (t )
E = 4,000 ksi
W = 20 kips /story
Mx = 20/g
= 0.05176 kip-sec2 /in
20@15=300

Myy = 517.6 kip-sec2 -in

Total Mass = 400 /g
Typical Story Height
h = 15 ft = 180 in.

First Story Load First Story Moment

12 EI 6EI
3
ub (t ) u (t)
h 2 b
h
x ub (t )
A. 20 Story Shear Wall B. Base Acceleration Loads C. Displacement Loads
With Story Mass Relative Formulation Absolute Formulation
 Shear at Second Level Vs. Time With Zero Damping
Time Step = 0.01
140

120 Linear Acceleration Loads, or Cubic Displacement Loads - Zero Damping - 40 Modes

100 Linear Displacement Loads - Zero Damping - 40 Modes

80

60
SHEAR - Kips

40

20

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
TIME - Seconds
Illustration of Mass-Proportional Component in Classical Damping.
ur us
m ux

C ss I x u x 0 C ss I x u x 0

ux
us ux ur

RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT FORMULATION ABSOLUTE DISPLACEMENT FORMULATION