Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SUBSTATION DESIGN
FRANCIS ARTHUR
Substation
There are four major types of electric substations:
Switchyard at a generating station:
These facilities connect the generators to the utility grid and also
provide off-site power to the plant.
Customer Substation:
Functions as the main source of electric power supply for one (or
more) business customers. The technical requirements and the
business case for this type of facility depend highly on the
customers requirements.
Substation
Switching Substation:
Facilitate the transfer of bulk power across the network. Their feeders
typically originate from generating switchyards. They enable the
transmission of large blocks of energy from the generators to the load
centers.
Distribution Substation:
Provide the distribution circuits that directly supply most electric
customers.
Substation Project Triggers
Load Growth
System Stability
System Reliability
System Capacity
Substation Design
Challenge
Optimal technical performance at least cost.
Design Considerations
Low life cycle cost
Safety
Standardization (Equipment and Station Configurations)
Substation Configurations
Single Bus
All elements (transformers and transmission lines) are directly connected to one bus
Advantages
Cost of construction is relatively low
Disadvantages
Reliability is low
Low Operational Flexibility (E.g Outage required on associated element for
maintenance of switchgear)
Suitable Where:
Load & Availability requirements are low
Substation Configurations
Typical Single Line Diagram Typical Layout
Substation Configurations
Main and Transfer Bus
All elements (transformers and transmission lines) are directly connected to Main bus
Advantages
Cost of construction is relatively low
Operational Flexibility Higher than single bus scheme due to Transfer Bus and Tie
Breaker (Outage is not required on associated element for maintenance of switchgear)
Disadvantages
Reliability is low
Suitable Where:
Load & Availability requirements are low
Substation Configurations
Typical Single Line Diagram Typical Layout
Substation Configurations
Double Bus Single Breaker
Connects each circuit to two buses, and there is a tie breaker between the buses.
Advantages
Cost of construction is relatively low
Reliability Higher than Main & Transfer bus scheme (Bus fault limited to affected bus
due to availability of tie breaker)
Disadvantages
Low Operational Flexibility (E.g Outage required on associated element for maintenance
of switchgear)
Suitable Where: Load Transfer & Improved Operating Reliability are Important
Substation Configurations
Typical Layout Typical Layout
Substation Configurations
Double Bus Double Breaker Scheme
Involves two breakers and two buses for each element
Advantages
Increased reliability (Bus fault does not affect any element)
Increased Operational Flexibility (E.g No outage required for maintenance of circuit
breakers)
Disadvantages
Cost of construction is relatively high
Suitable Where: reliability and availability of the circuit is a high priority.
Substation Configurations
Typical Single Line Diagram
Substation Configurations
Ring Bus
All breakers are arranged in a ring with elements connected between two breakers.
Advantages
Increased reliability (Bus fault limited to affected section & faults to individual elements
do not affect others)
Increased Operational Flexibility (E.g No outage required on associated element for
maintenance of switchgear)
Disadvantages
Cost of construction is relatively high
Suitable Where: reliability and availability of the circuit is a high priority.
Substation Configurations
Typical Single Line Diagram Typical Layout
Substation Configurations
Breaker and a Half Bus Scheme
Configured with a circuit between two breakers in a three-breaker line-up with two buses
Advantages
Increased reliability (Bus fault does not affect any element)
Increased Operational Flexibility (E.g No outage required for maintenance of circuit
breakers)
Disadvantages
Cost of construction is relatively high but justifiable due to above advantages
Suitable Where: reliability and availability of the circuit is a high priority.
Substation Configurations
Typical Single Line Diagram Typical Layout
Substation Equipment
Categories of Equipment:
Switchgear
Power Transformers
Capacitor Banks & SVC
Instrument Transformers
Protection and Control Equipment
Auxiliaries
SCADA and Communication
Switchgear
Disconnector Switch with Earthing Blade Disconnector Switch Without Earthing Blade
Disconnect Switch
Mechanical device that conducts electrical current and provides an open point in a
circuit for isolation.
Disconnect switches are also installed to by pass breakers or other equipment for
maintenance.
They are designed for no-load switching.
Key Requirements
Open and Close reliably whenever necessary
Carry current continuously without overheating
To remain in the closed position under fault current conditions
Circuit Breakers
Live Tank Dead Tank
Circuit Breaker
A mechanical switching device capable of making , carrying ,
and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions and
also breaking currents under specified abnormal conditions
such as a short circuit.
Surge Arresters
Devices deployed to protect
power system equipment from
being subjected to lightning or
switching surges.
Power Transformer
A transformer is an electrical
device for converting ac
power at a certain voltage
level into ac power at a
different voltage, but at the
same frequency.
Inductively couples load to
the power system at different
voltages.
Capacitor Banks
Deployed for local reactive
power compensation at the
load.
Required for voltage support
and reduction of transmission
losses.
Static Var Compensators (SVC)
Deployed for dynamic local
reactive power compensation at the
load.
Required for voltage support and
reduction of transmission losses.
Relies on power electronic and
other static controllers to enhance
control and increase power transfer
capability.
Instrument Transformers
Current Transformer Voltage Transformer
Instrument Transformers
A high precision transformer designed to:
Provide input into measurement and/or control equipment.
Examples: Voltmeters Ammeters Watthour Meters, Relays.
Duration of the fault and body contact and, hence, of the flow of current through a
human body for a sufficient time to cause harm at the given current intensity.
Substation Grounding
The Design Problem?
To provide a safe condition for personnel within and around
the substation area by limiting voltages to safe values.