Smart School ID System

ENPM 613 Systems Engineering Design Project

Presented By:
Alpa Kothari
Neha Dua
Smart School ID System
The Need:

A school generally deals with the following high priority security

risks:
Student accountability in normal and Emergency operations
Need to restrict outsider access
Smart School ID System
The Solution:
We propose a Smart School ID system that will provide presence
detection/access control and notification services as well.
The presence detection/access control function is comprised of a
wired/wireless sensor network of readers that is installed in school
buildings to detect presence of students with badges or tags.

All school students will be supplied photo school ID cards that provide
automated access to designated school entrances during school hours.
The ID cards will be worn at school throughout the day.

As a part of the roll call, student IDs will be tapped into the system when
each student arrives or leaves the school. This automates time and
attendance reconciliation.
Smart School ID System
Approach:

The system would be analyzed and UML definitions will be

used to accurately define the system behavior.
Formal requirements for a particular school would then be
created.
Finally system requirements will be verified to ensure that
the system satisfies the properties required.
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System Goals:

Goal 1: The system must be secure

Goal 2: The system must be efficient
Goal 3: The system must be usable
Goal 4: The system must be reliable
Goal 5: The system must be easy to maintain
Goal 6: The system must track accurately and maintain
data integrity
Goal 7: The system must provide authorized access
The Technology
Various ID Systems:

Bar Code
Biometric
Voice Identification
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems
RFID
The Technology
RFID:

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology uses radio waves to

automatically identify physical objects (either living beings or inanimate
items). Therefore, the range of objects identifiable using RFID includes
virtually everything on this planet (and beyond).

Thus, RFID is an example of automatic identification (Auto-ID) technology

by which a physical object can be identified automatically.
Advantages of RFID over Bar Code
Advantages:

Human intervention is required to scan a barcode, whereas in most

applications an RFID tag can be detected "hands off."
Barcodes must be visible on the outside of product packaging. RFID tags
can be detected regardless of their orientation
You must have "line of sight" to read a barcode. Line of sight is not
required for RFID tagged objects
The readability of barcodes can be impaired by dirt, moisture, abrasion, or
packaging contours. RFID tags are not affected by those conditions.
RFID tags have a longer read range than barcodes.
RFID tags have read/write memory capability; barcodes do not.
More data can be stored in an RFID tag than can be stored on a barcode.
 How it Works
A radio device called a tag is attached to the
object that needs to be identified. Unique
identification data about this tagged object is
stored on this tag. When such a tagged object is
presented in front of a suitable RFID reader, the
tag transmits this data to the reader (via the
reader antenna). The reader then reads the data
and has the capability to forward it over suitable
communication channels, such as a network or a
serial connection, to a software application
running on a computer. This application can then
use this unique data to identify the object
presented to the reader. It can then perform a
variety of actions such as updating the location
information of this object in the database,
sending an alert to the floor personnel, or
completely ignoring it (if a duplicate read, for
example).
RFID System
An RFID system is an integrated collection of components that
implement an RFID solution.
Tag. This is a mandatory component of any RFID system.
Reader. This is a mandatory component, too.
Reader antenna. This is another mandatory component. Some current
readers available today have built-in antennas
Controller. This is a mandatory component. However, most of the new-
generation readers have this component built in to them.
Sensor, actuator, and annunciator. These optional components are
needed for external input and output of the system.
Host and software system. Theoretically, an RFID system can function
independently without this component. Practically, an RFID system is
close to worthless without this component.
Communication infrastructure. This mandatory component is a collection
of both wired and wireless network and serial connection infrastructure
needed to connect the previously listed components together to
effectively communicate with each other.
System Architecture
Smart Student ID System
Level 1 Requirements Created
Level 2 Requirements Derived
Component Requirements & Specifications Developed

requirements.xls
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Use Case diagrams
We developed use case descriptions and diagrams to
define the requirements of the system.
Identified the users of the systems and the roles
16 use cases were developed to cover the system
functionality.
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Activity Diagrams & State Chart Diagrams

Activity & state chart diagrams have been developed to study the
Work flow & the Dynamic Behavior of the system
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Activity Diagrams
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STATE CHART DIAGRAMS
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STATE CHART DIAGRAMS
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STATE CHART DIAGRAMS
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Validation & Verification
Test Procedure
Test the effect of environments with different medium, humidity, and
electromagnetic wave etc.
Test the difference between HF and UHF frequency, 96 bits and 2K bytes
volume, active and passive tag, and the compatibility with bar code
Include both Field and lab testing as well
Test Specifications
A Test Method of Tag on Things Surface
Static Spectrum Analyzing Test, to confirm five candidate places
Medium Replacement Test, to suggest the casing material

Apparatus: signal generator, display device, real-time RF signal analyzer, thermometer,

speed measurer, speed- adjustable conveyor, network analyzer, dimension measuring
devices etc
Smart Student ID System
Validation & Verification
Technical Variables for the testing procedures
The technical variables that should be considered while designing &
implementing RFID solutions are listed below:
Frequency of operation
Tags
Readers
Antennas
Operating Conditions
Application Software & Hardware
Database Management System
Integration testing
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Validation & Verification

Technical Variables for the testing procedures for RFID Tag

The technical variables to be tested are:
Type
Readability which is effected by read distance, tag motion, tag
orientation, operating environment.
Data capacity
Physical properties for checking the dimensions & weight
Smart Student ID System
Validation & Verification

Technical Variables for the testing procedures for RFID Reader

& RF Communications
The technical variables to be tested are:
Features: type, Installation
Readability: Anti collision, false Reads
Operating Conditions
Reader Collision
Distance Calculation
Signal Strength and Power usage
Effect of communication medium and environmental
interference.
 Smart Student ID System
Validation & Verification: A table to show interference provided to RF
frequencies by various materials
Material LF HF UHF Microwave

Clothing RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-lucent

Dry wood RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-absorbent

Graphite RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-opaque RF-opaque

Liquids (some types) RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-absorbent RF-absorbent

Metals RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-opaque RF-opaque

Motor oil RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-lucent

Paper products RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-lucent

Plastics RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-lucent (some types)

Shampoo RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-absorbent RF-absorbent

Water RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-absorbent RF-absorbent

Wet wood RF-lucent RF-lucent RF-absorbent RF-absorbent

 Smart Student ID System
Validation & Verification

Some of the tests are:

Access Control testing
Test Database Security
Test Accurate Tracking
Traffic handling test
Reader and Tag testing
Antenna Test
Speed Test
Anti collision Test
Read Distance Test
Tag near conductor test
Radiation pattern test
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Validation & Verification: Sample Test Case
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Validation & Verification: Formal Test Procedure to test
the tag performance in presence of metal

The presence of a material near a tag often changes the performance of the tag in significant
ways. Conductors, such as metal, provide some of the greatest challenges for RFID tags.
Conductors are everywhere, including places one might least expect them. Boxes of
dishwasher detergent (used for our conveyor testing, for example,) are lined with a metal foil.
Even a very thin foil of metal is enough to make products difficult to tag.

To assess the performance of tags near metal:

Place each tag at varying distances from a large, flat piece of steel.
The tags and metal plate here are separated by air.
Place the tag at about 3 feet away from the reader antenna.
Use an attenuator to determine the dB attenuation level at which the tag could no
longer read.
A higher attenuation level, expressed in dB, corresponds to a longer reading distance.

This provides with an approximate maximum read distance for each tag.
(The RFID Alliance Lab report contains charts of the dB attenuation level for each tag with an
approximate conversion into read distance in feet.)
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Requirement Traceability Matrix
requirements.xls
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Tasks to be Accomplished:
Formal Test Procedures for various system
specifications to be developed
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Thank you