Contingency analysis in smart grid

power system

Guided by: Submitted by:

Dr. Avdhesh Sharma VITTHAL PATNECHA
Professor Roll No. 2264633
E. No. 07/05784
Department of Electrical Engineering
M.B.M. Engineering College
J.N.V. University, Jodhpur (Raj.)
OCT2017
Contents
Introduction
Literature Survey
Energy Management System(EMS)
Security Analysis
State Estimation
Smart Grid
Contingency analysis
Conclusion
2
Introduction
Generation and loading are constantly increasing.
Transmission system is under stress.
Capacity of transmission lines has not increased proportionally.
Interconnected power networks have become more complex.
The task of securely operating the system has become more difficult.
Therefore the transmission system must operate with ever
decreasing margin from its maximum capacity.
Operators need reliable information to operate.
Need to have more confidence in the values of certain variables of
interest than direct measurement can typically provide.
Information delivery needs to be sufficiently robust so that it is
available even if key measurements are missing.
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Power dispatch center works

4
Power system characteristics
To operate power system the basic criteria is as follows.
1. Quality
2. Reliability
3. Security
4. Stability
5. Economic etc

5
Power system scenario

6
 Literature Survey
Name of Authors Contribution

A. Abur et al. Autoregressive Filters For the

Identification and Replacement of
Bad Data in Power System State
Estimation

A. G. Phadke et al. Developed Phasor Measurement

Units (PMU)
J.S. Thorp et al. Introduced State Estimation using
phasor measurements
A. G. Phadke et al. Hybrid Linear State Estimation 7
Utilizing Synchronized Phasor
Measurement
 Literature Survey
Name of Authors Contribution

Hongbin sun Introduced a new concept and

architecture of future EMS for
smart-grid and also describe the
challenges that was faced in
smart-Grid
Hamid Gharavi Define the smart-Grid and discuss
key requirements and various
characteristics
Vehbic gungor Addressed the critical issues and
smart gird technologies.
8
Anjan bose Discussed about the new
Information infrastructure for
 Energy Management System(EMS)
Came into picture after a huge blackout in USA in 1965.
It is process of monitoring, coordinating and controlling the
generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy.
Data acquisition and remote control is performed by computer
systems called supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
systems.
The goal is to maximize safety, minimize damage and continue to
supply load with the least inconvenience to customers.
Provide Safety, Quality, Reliability ,Economy in power system
operation

9
Layers of EMS

10
 Energy Management System

Generation Function
Base Functions Network Analysis Functions
Functions

Data Acquisition Load Forecasting Function Topology Processing

Supervisory Control Unit Commitment State Estimator

Alarm Processor Economic Dispatch and AGC Network Parameter Adaptation

Logical Alarm Interchange Transection Dispatcher Power flow

Scheduling

Sequence of events Function Network Sensitivity Function

Historical Database Security Analysis Function

Load shielding Function Security Dispatch Function

Automatic Data Collection Voltage Control Function 11

Safety Management Optional Power Flow
 System load forecast : Every hour for a period of 1-7 days.
Unit Commitment : Start up & shut down times for most economic
operation of thermal units for each hour.
Fuel Scheduling : Economic choice, fuel purchase contracts.
Transaction evaluation : Purchase & sale of energy with neighboring
companies.
Transmission loss minimization : Controller actions for minimization
of loss.
Security constrained dispatch : Ensuring eco dispatch without
violating network security.
Production cost calculation : Actual & economical for each
generated unit on hourly basis.
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Security analysis
Ability of the system to withstand credible contingencies without
violating the normal operating limits.
The objective of security is to keep the power system in the normal
state.
The prerequisite for security assessment of a power system is the
knowledge of the system states.
Monitoring the system is therefore the first step.
Once the current operating state is known, the next task is the
contingency analysis. Results of contingency analysis allow the
system to be operated defensively.
Preventive and corrective actions are needed to maintain a secure
operation of a system or to bring it to a secure operating state.
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System States
Secure state - All the loads supplied without violating
operating limits.
Corrective Secure state operating conditions same as secure
state but relies on system security
Alert state all loads are supplied in limits but in case of
contingency load reduction is necessary
Correctable Emergency State all loads are supplied but
operating constraints are violated, require some corrective
actions to go back to alert state
Noncorrectable Emergency- Same as Corretcable emergency
state except some load reduction is must.
Restorative State- System has no violations in the operating 14
limits but some load curtailment has occurred.
System States

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State estimation
Why do we need state estimation?
Due to Imperfections in
- Current & Voltage transformer
- Transducers
- A/D conversions
-Tuning
- RTU/IED Data storage
- Rounding in calculations
- Communication links
Result in uncertainties in the measurements
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State estimation
Fred C. Schweppe introduced state estimation to power
systems in 1968.
Today, state estimation is an essential part in almost every
energy management system throughout the world.
To obtain the best estimate of the state of the system based
on a set of measurements of the model of the system.
The state estimator uses
Set of measurements available from Remote Terminal
Units(RTU)\Phasor Measurement Units(PMU)
System configuration supplied by the topological processor,
Network parameters such as line impedances as input.
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Execution parameters(dynamic weight-adjustments)
State estimation
The state estimator provides
Bus voltages , branch flows,(state variables)
Measurement error processing results
Provide an estimate for all metered and unmetered quantities.
Filter out small errors due to model approximations and
measurement inaccuracies;
Detect and identify discordant measurements , the so-called
bad data

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19
Smart-Grid
What is Smart-Grid?
Definition
1.Department of Energy, describes the smart grid as a class of technology
people are using to bring utility electricity delivery systems into the 21st
century, using computer-based remote control and automation. These
systems are made possible by two-way communication technology and
computer processing .
2. Smart Grid Technology Platform (Smart Grids ETP) define the smart grids as
electricity networks that can efficiently integrate the behavior and actions
of all users connected to it generators, consumers and those that do both
in order to ensure an economically efficient, sustainable power system
with low losses and high quality and security of supply and safety

Why we call it smart ? 20

Characteristics of Smart-Grid

Self healing
Flexible
Predictive
Interactive
Optimized
Secure 21
Smart-Grid
key requirements of the Smart Grid
Allow for the integration of renewable energy resources to address
global climate change.
Allow for active customer participation to enable far better energy
conservation
Allow for secure communications
Allow for better utilization of existing assets to address long term
sustainability
Allow for optimized energy flow to reduce losses and lower the
cost of energy
Allow for the integration of electric vehicles to reduce dependence
on hydrocarbon fuels
Allow for the management of distributed generation and energy
storage to eliminate or defer system expansion and reduce the
overall cost of energy
Allow for the integration of communication and control across the
energy system to promote interoperability and open systems and to 22
increase safety and operational flexibility.
Smart-Grid
Comparison of traditional grid and smart grid
Traditional Grid Smart Grid
1 Electromechanical Digital
2 One-way communication Two-way communication
3 Centralized generation Distributed generation
4 Few sensor Sensor through
5 Manual restoration Self-restoration
6 Manual monitoring Self-monitoring
7 Failure and blackout Adaptive and islanding
8 Limited control Pervasive control
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9 Few customer choices Many customer choices
24
 Smart-Grid components
Intelligent appliances capable of deciding
when to consume power based on pre-set
customer preferences. This can go a long way
toward reducing peak loads which has a major
impact on electricity generation costs -
alleviating the need for new power plants and
cutting down on damaging greenhouse
emissions. Early tests with smart grids have
shown that consumers can save up to 25% on
their energy usage by simply providing them
with information on that usage and the tools to
manage it.
Smart power meters featuring two-way
communications between consumers and
power providers to automate billing data
collection, detect outages and dispatch repair
crews to the correct location faster.
Smart substations that include monitoring
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and control of critical and non-critical
operational data such as power factor
performance, breaker, transformer and battery
status, security, etc.
Smart-Grid components
Smart distribution that is self-healing, self-
balancing and self-optimizing including
superconducting cables for long distance
transmission, and automated monitoring and
analysis tools capable of detecting or even
predicting cable and failures based on real-
time data about weather, outage history, etc.
Smart generation capable of "learning" the
unique behavior of power generation
resources to optimize energy production, and
to automatically maintain voltage, frequency
and power factor standards based on
feedback from multiple points in the grid.
Universal access to affordable, low-carbon
electrical power generation (e.g., wind
turbines, concentrating solar power systems,
photovoltaic panels) and storage (e.g., in 26
batteries, flywheels or super-capacitors or in
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles).
 Smart-Grid standards
Standards of smart grid- IEC Technical Committee 57
develops standards for electric power system control and
associated telecommunications in the areas of generation,
transmission and distribution real-time operations and
planning.
IEC 60870-5 Standards from IEC Technical Committee 57
Working group 3-
IEC 60870-6 Standards from IEC -57 Working group 7
IEC 61334 Standards from IEC -57 Working group 9
IEC 61850 Standards from IEC T-57 Working groups 10 to 12
IEC 61970 Standards from IEC -57 Working group 13
IEC 61968 Standards from IEC -57 Working group 14
IEC Technical-Committee 57 Working group-15 Standards for Data
and Communications Security

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 Smart-Grid
There are more than 100 standards that have been approved or in
development relating to the smart grid. Among the broad number of systems and
technologies addressed by these standards are broadband over power line, cyber
security, distributed energy resources, Distributed Network Protocol (DNP3),
and Greenhouse gas emissions credits, among others.

Other IEEE Smart Grid Standards

IEEE 1547-2003 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric
Power Systems.
IEEE 1675-2008 Standard for Broadband over Power Line Hardware[15]
IEEE 1686-2007 Standard for Substation Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) Cyber
Security Capabilities.
IEEE 1815-2010 Standard for Electric Power Systems CommunicationsDistributed
Network Protocol (DNP3)
IEEE 2030-2011 Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and
Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), End-Use 28
Applications, and Loads.
 Smart-Grid
PROTOCOLS OF SMART GRID
The protocols can be classified into the following

DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol) DNP3 stands for distributed network protocol
and it consist of a set of communication protocols used between components which
are used in process automation systems like electric utility, chemical process plants, etc

Important Features of DNP3:

1. DNP3 protocol is characterized by important features that makes it interoperable
with related protocols like MODBUS, etc. This makes it more efficient and efficient for
communicating between components in SCADA systems.
2. DNP3, with reference to the widely used OSI model for communicating networks,
corresponds to layer 2, which provides multiplexing of various features like error
checking, link control, data fragmentation, etc.
3. DNP3 provides a transport function (layer 4) and Application layer (Layer 7)
corresponding to SCADA applications.
4. DNP3 has improved bandwidth efficiency which is accomplished through event
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oriented data reporting.
5. DNP3 has good ability to handle error detection.
Smart-Grid
IEC (International Electro Technical Commission) 60870 Protocol-

IEC standard 60870 is widely used for controlling electric power transmission grids
and other process plants
IEC 60870 was primarily design to allow important reliable communication between
in electric utility automation systems under situations of information distortion and
transmission.
IEC 60870 provides a communication profile for tele-control messages between two
directly connected systems.
IEC standard 60870 defining general information related to the standard, operating
conditions, electrical interfaces, performance requirements, and data transmission
protocols.
This standard can be used for interoperating various equipment from different
suppliers through standardized protocols.
This protocols provides tele-control and tele-protection of electric power systems 30
through associated tele-communication.
 Smart-Grid
Synchronized phasor measurements made with the PMU are superior to the
SCADA system for the following reasons:

1) Phasor measurement units (PMUs), produce accurate time stamped measurements

of voltage and current magnitude as well as phasor angles. They also report the status of
breakers with timestamps synchronized to those of the measurements. Because PMUs
calculate synchrophasor with respect to a global angle reference, the number of critical
measurements is less than when the state estimator uses SCADA measurements.
2) Another advantage of using PMU measurements for state estimation, was that the
angle measurements are made directly, thus reducing the errors introduced by
inaccuracies in network parameters.The SCADA system measurements of voltage angles
must be calculated using measurements of voltage, measurements of active power,
reactive power measurements, network parameters, and a reference angle. Quality of
results depends heavily on network quality parameters which are not always precise.
Therefore, PMU measurements provides more direct and more precise than traditional
SCADA measurements, because PMU measurements do not depend on network 31
parameters
 Smart-Grid
3) One of the major advantages of using synchrophasor is the ability to provide coherent
data from different parts of the network. System operators and engineers require
knowing the trends of voltage phase angle differences among coherent groups of
generators and major interconnections to monitor the stability of the system. The phase
angle difference also provides knowledge to the system operators on the available power
transfer margin. We cannot obtain precise high resolution voltage phase angle
differences using SCADA based measurements
4) Synchronized phasor measurements offer solutions to a number of vexing protection
problems. These include the protection of series compensated lines, protection of
multiterminal lines, and the inability to satisfactorily set out-of-step relays. In many
situations the reliable measurement of a remote voltage or current on the same
reference as local variables has made a substantial improvement in protection functions
possible. In some examples communication of such measurements from one end of a
protected line to the other is all that is required while in others communication across
large distances is necessary.
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 Smart-Grid challenges
lists the following as major barriers to achieving smart grids:

Financial Resources
Government Support
Compatible Equipment
Speed of Technology Development
Policy and Regulation Utility commissions
Cooperation challenges

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Contingency analysis
What is Contingency analysis?
Definition A contingency is defined as an event that causes one or
more important components such as transmission lines, generators
and transformers to be unexpectedly removed from service.

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 Contingency analysis
USE OF CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS

CA is used as a study tool for the off-line analysis of contingency events, and as
an on-line tool to show operators what would be the effects of future outages.
Security is determined by the ability of the system to withstand equipment
failure.
Weak elements are those that present overloads in the contingency conditions
(congestion).
Standard approach is to perform a single (N-1) contingency analysis simulation.
A ranking method will be demonstrated to prioritize transmission planning . CA
is therefore a primary tool used for preparation of the annual maintenance plan
and the corresponding outage schedule for the power system.

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 Contingency analysis
ORDER TO ANALYZE THE CONTINGENCY
C.A. need the simulation of each contingency for the given power system
model .In order to analyze the contingency analysis easier it comprises of
three important steps.

1) Contingency definition: This is the first step of analysis where it consists of

all possible set of contingencies that may occur in power system. This step
involves the process of creating contingency list.
2) Contingency selection: This is the second step simply known of contingency
ranking approach where ranking is given based on the overall performance
index which indicates the severity of contingencies .so in this step we get the
information of list of contingencies that leads to limit violation in the power
flow and voltage magnitude. This step excludes the lowest severity
contingency from the list of contingencies.
3) Contingency evaluation: This is the third step and also the important step 36
which involves the necessary control action and security action in order to
mitigate the most effective contingencies in a given power system.
 Contingency analysis
Real-time network analysis-
Provide a large real time database for online security analysis, inconsistency
detection fault diagnoses and related display functions.
Facilities real-time power flow optimization thereby leading to a minimization of
supplementary sensing and telemetry hardware which result in a reduction in
capital expenditure.
Build in excellence in a number of control dispatch and record keeping function by
improving the quality of data.
Real-Time Network Analysis sequence
Transmission Loss Optimal Power
Factors Flow

Network State Contingency Analysis Security

SCADA Estimator
Topology Enhancement

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Preventive
Bus Load
Action
Forecast
 Contingency analysis
STUDY STATE NETWORK ANALYSIS
Planning and design of the state estimation database to acquire information
for central control and dispatch in the most effective manner .
Other probable applications are in the area of system operation information
system planning and design.

Study Network Analysis

Contingency Optimal Power Short Circuit

Power Flow Flow Analysis
Analysis

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 Contingency analysis
There are various Techniques used for contingency analysis purpose.
Technique based on AC power flow calculations are considered to be deterministic
methods which are accurate compared to DC power flow methods.
In deterministic methods line outages are simulated by actual removal of lines instead
of modeling.
AC power flow Techniques are accurate but they are computationally expensive and
excessively demanding of computational time. Because contingency analysis is the only
tool for detecting possible overloading conditions requiring the study by the power
system planner computational speed and ease of detection are paramount
considerations.
techniques of contingency analysis
AC load flow
DC load flow
Genetic Algorithm
Particle Swarm Optimization
Tabu Search
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Artificial Neural Network.
 Significant Conclusive Remarks:
1. In Modern power system scenario, pool power system is quite effective and gives the best idea
how the components of the control center works. Quick response of state estimator is possible
only by installing PMUs in the system. Here the different layer of operating states is described in
this seminar report.
2. Synchronized phasor measurements with the PMU used in smart grid that makes it superior
from the existing SCADA/EMS system.EMS working , SCADA concept are described in this
seminar report.
3. For ensuring power system security, contingency analysis is key integral part for all Power
system planning and operations. Once a contingency or an event is determined as potentially
dangerous, the operator should be confident that in case of that event, he will be able to
correct the system by means of appropriate actions on system conditions (generation, load,
transmission network topology) in order to keep the system in a normal state and even away
from the insecure state.
4. National Institute of standard and technology (NIST) is assigned the primary responsibility of
coordinating the development of a framework that includes protocols and model standards for
the smart grid.
5. Smart Grid with their characteristics, key features, components, challenges are described in this
seminar report.
6. In power system operation , contingency analysis assists engineers to operate at a secured
operating point where equipment are loaded within their safe limits and power is delivered to 40
customers with acceptable quality standards. Real time implementation of power system
analysis and security monitoring is still a challenging task for the power system engineers.
 Future scope:

As the power system is a complex network it is necessary to find the

correct contingency technique selection as it eliminates number of
contingency cases and need to focus on the most severe contingency
case with fast and accurate manner and with the expansions and new
researches in smart grid makes it possible.
With the global trend toward deregulation in the power system
industry, the volume and the complexity of the Smart-grid results in
the daily operation and system studies have been increasing. Not only
has deregulation resulted in much larger system model sizes, but also
Smart-grids are computed more frequently in the restructured power
markets to monitor the states of the system under the maximum
number of power transfer.
Use of fast contingency techniques like Neural network and ANN ,RBF
function etc. make system more secure and reduce the response time 41
for power system engineer to identify the most severe contingency in
interconnected power system.
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 Thanks

Questions???
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