FILM dan PROCESSING

Kamar gelap
Direct Action Film
Tanpa Kamar
Film Gelap
Indirect Action Film

Receptors
CCD
Solid State
Sensors
CMOS
Digital Sensor
Photostimulable
Phosphor Storage
Plates
Isi Paket Film X-ray Intra Oral

Black paper: surrounds film;

protects emulsion.

Film: one or two films;

raised dot in one corner
used for film orientation.

Lead foil: protects film from

backscatter, reduces patient
exposure; strengthens
packet; pattern on foil
identifies when film is placed
backwards (back of film
faces teeth).
X-ray Film

Memiliki 2 komponen utama

Emulsi
Sensitif terhadap sinar-x dan sinar tampak
Merekam hasil radiograf
Basis
Plastik sebagai tempat dari material film
 Komposisi Film

double emulsion adhesive

blue-tinted base
(emusion on both sides)

supercoat
adhesive
emulsion with silver
halide crystals and
supercoat gelatin
 Kristal halida perak
tabular globular

top

side

Tabular (flat) crystals with F-speed film (Insight)

Globular (rounded) crystals with D-speed film
(Ultraspeed)
Intra Oral Film

Ukuran film
# 0: Children; small mouths
# 1: Adult anterior; paralleling
# 2: Adult anterior (Bisecting); adult
posterior; pedo occlusal
# 3: Extra long BW
# 4: Adult Occlusal
#2 #3

#1
#4
#0
Extra Oral Film
5 x 12 panoramic

6 x 12 panoramic

5 x 7 Transcranial, lateral
oblique jaw

8 x 10 Skull, ceph, Tomogram

Cassette Extra Oral Film

Rigid metal cassette Flexible vinyl cassette

 Fungsi Intensifying Screen
Merubah energi sinar photon menjadi energi
cahaya (fluorescence) lalu cahaya tersebut akan
mengeksposisi film
Kombinasi film dan intensifying screen akan
mengurangi radiasi sampai dengan 60 kali
dibandingkan dengan eksposure langsung
terhadap film
Processing Film

Manual Processing
Kamar gelap
Tanpa kamar gelap (Self processing film)
Automatic Machine Processing
 Tahapan pemrosesan film

Developing
Rinsing
Fixing
Washing
Drying
 Cairan Developer
Developer
Merubah kristal silver halide yang telah tereksposure menjadi black
metallic silver grains
Preservative
Membantu menghindari cairan developer teroksidasi oleh udara
Activator
Cairan alkalin yang dibutuhkan oleh developer, melembutkan gelatin
dan membantu cairan developer mencapai ke kristal halida perak
Restrainer
Memperlambat developer terhadap kristal yang tidak tereksposure
 Cairan Fixer
Clearing Agent
Membasuh dan menghilangkan sisa kristal halida
perak yang tidak tereksposure
Acidifier
Menetralkan alkali dari cairan developer
Preservative
Menghambat oksidasi dari clearing agent
Hardener
Mengeraskan emulsi sehingga film dapat dipegang
Kamar Gelap
Automatic Film Processor
ERRORS
Kesalahan yang umum terjadi
Technical Errors
Foreshortening Double Exposure
Elongation Reverse Film Exposure
Superimpose Setting X-ray Machine
Cone cutting Film Placement
Patient Movement Benda asing
Processing Errors
Film too light/dark
Yellow film
Chemical spot
Handling Errors
Film scratch
Sidik jari
Kesalahan penentuan sudut vertikal
Kesalahan penentuan sudut horizontal
Cone Cutting
Object Cutting
Patient Movement
Double Exposure
Reverse Film Exposure
Setting X-ray Machine

underexposure correct exposure overexposure

Film Placement
Benda Asing
Film tertekuk / terlipat
Dark spots developer contamination
White spots fixer contamination or air bubble
Yellow film
Film scrath
Sidik jari
Kualitas Radiograf

Guidance Notes for Dental Practicioners on the Safe Use for X-ray
Equipment, 2001