AAE 556

Aeroelasticity

Lecture 22
Typical dynamic instability
problems and test review

ARMS 3326
6:00-8:00 PM
Purdue Aeroelasticity 22-1
 How to recognize a flutter problem in the making
Given: a 2 DOF system with a parameter Q that
creates loads on the system that are linear functions of
the displacements

x1

x1

M1 0 x1 K1 0 x1 0 p12 x1 ei t
0 M x 0
K 2 x2
Q
0 x2
x 2

x 2

2 2 p21

Q is a real number
4 2 12 22 12 22 0
If p12 and p21 have K K2 Q=0
12 1 22
the same sign (both M1 M2
positive or both
Q
negative) can
2 12



M
p
12 x


1 0 Q not zero
flutter occur? 1


Q

M 2
p21




x 0
2 22 2

2 2
1

Q2
2

M 1M 2
2
2
p12 p21 0
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Purdue Aeroelasticity
 If flutter occurs two frequencies must merge

12 22
n2
2

1
2
2
1 2
2 2
4
Q2
M 1M 2
p12 p21

For Flutter Increasing Q must cause the term under the radical
sign to become zero and then go negative. The zero condition is:
K1
12
Q2
2
M1 12 2
2
4 p12 p 21
K M1 M 2
22 2
M2

2
M 1 M 2 12 22
2
M 1 M 2 12 22
2
Q p12 p21
4 p12 p21 4Q 2

For frequency merging flutter to occur, p12 and p21 must have opposite signs.

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Purdue Aeroelasticity
 If one of the frequencies is driven to
zero then we have divergence
M 0 x1 K1 0 x1 0 p12 x1
2 1
K 2 x2 0 x2
Q
0 M 2 x2 0 p21

n 0
0 1 2
2 2

Q2
M 1M 2
p12 p21

12 22
Q2
M 1M 2
p12 p21
2M 1 M 2 12 22
Q
p12 p21
2 KK M 1 M 212 22
Q 1 2 p12 p21
Q2
p12 p21

Divergence requires that the cross-coupling terms are of the same sign

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Purdue Aeroelasticity
 Aero/structural interaction model
TYPICAL SECTION
What did we learn?

L qSCL o
lift
V
e torsion spring
KT
qScCMAC
o K
L qSCL T
1 qSeC L
GJ
KT KT
span

23-5
Purdue Aeroelasticity
 Divergence-examination vs.
perturbation
qSCL qSCL qScC
L o
K
MAC

qSeCL qSeC L
1 KT 1 KT
T

Kh 0 h L

0 KT MSC

1
1 q q 2 q 3 ... 1 q n
1 q n1

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Purdue Aeroelasticity
 Perturbations & Eulers Test
lift
V
e torsion spring

KT Le
KT

...result - stable - returns -no static equilibrium in perturbed state

KT Le
...result - unstable -no static equilibrium - motion away
from equilibrium state

KT Le
...result - neutrally stable - system stays - new static equilibrium point
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Purdue Aeroelasticity
 Stability equation is original
equilibrium equation with R.H.S.=0.

0
lift
V
e torsion spring
KT

KT qSeC L KT 0
The stability equation is an equilibrium equation that represents an
equilibrium state with no "external loads"

Only loads that are deformation dependent are included

The neutrally stable state is called self-equilibrating

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Purdue Aeroelasticity
 Multi-degree of freedom systems
A
From linear algebra,
3KT 2KT
shear
we know that there is
panel 1 panel 2 centers
a solution to the
e
A homogeneous
aero

b/2 b/2
centers equation only if the
determinant of the
+ 2 aeroelastic stiffness
V matrix is zero
+ 1
view A-A

5 2 1 1 0 1 1
KT qSeC L qSeC L o

2
2
2 0 1 2 1

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Purdue Aeroelasticity
 MDOF stability
Mode shapes? Eigenvectors and eigenvalues.

KT i 0
KT 0 Kij qAij 0

System is stable if the aeroelastic stiffness matrix

determinant is positive. Then the system can absorb
energy in a static deformation mode. If the stability
determinant is negative then the static system, when
perturbed, cannot absorb all of the energy due to work done
by aeroelastic forces and must become dynamic.
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Purdue Aeroelasticity
 Three different definitions of roll
effectiveness

Generation of lift unusual but the only game in town

for the typical section
Generation of rolling moment
contrived for the typical section reduces to lift
generation
Multi-dof systems this is the way to do it
Generation of steady-state rolling rate or velocity-this
is the information we really want for airplane
performance
Reversal speed is the same no materr which way you
do it.
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 Control effectiveness
q c CM
1
qD e CL q c CM
L qSCL o q 0 1 0
1 qD e CL
qD
KT CL
qR
ScCL CM
Lift
reversal is not an
MAC torsion spring KT instability - large
0 shear center input produces
small output
V opposite to
e 0
divergence
phenomenon
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 Steady-state rolling motion

qScCM v
L 0 qSCL o qSC L o
K T V

Lift

MAC torsion spring KT

0 shear center

V
e 0

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 Swept wings

structural tan
2
qn qcos d
K1

f o
K2
C
V
V cos
C
A

B
A b c

B
K 0 tb b Q b
0 Q 2 2 cos 2
o
K
te e e

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 Divergence

bt
K K QK Ke
2
nondimensional divergence dynamic
K pressure vs. wing sweep angle
Seao 2.0
qD

nondimensional divergence
b K tan 1.5

cos 1
sweep forward sweep back
2 1.0

dynamic pressure
5.72 degrees
e
K 2 0.5

0.0
b/c=6
-0.5
e/c=0.10

e c K
Kb/Kt=3
-1.0

tan crit 2 -1.5

c b K -2.0
-90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
sweep angle
(degrees)

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 Lift effectiveness
lift effectiveness
vs.
2.0
dynamic pressure

unswept
wing
1.5
unswept wing
lift effectiveness

divergence

1.0
15 degrees
sweep

0.5

30 degrees
sweep
0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
dynamic pressure (psf)

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Purdue Aeroelasticity
 Flexural axis

refe
renc
e ax
is


E tan
x
y

Flexural axis - locus of points where a concentrated force creates no

stream-wise twist (or chordwise aeroelastic angle of attack)

E 0 The closer we align the

airloads with the flexural
axis, the smaller will be
aeroelastic effects.
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Purdue Aeroelasticity