1

Dr. Uri Mahlab

INTRODUCTION
In order to transmit digital information over *
bandpass channels, we have to transfer
the information to a carrier wave of
.appropriate frequency

We will study some of the most commonly *

used digital modulation techniques wherein
the digital information modifies the amplitude
the phase, or the frequency of the carrier in
.discrete steps
2
Dr. Uri Mahlab The modulation waveforms for transmitting
:binary information over bandpass channels

ASK
FSK
PSK
DSB

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Dr. Uri Mahlab
OPTIMUM RECEIVER FOR BINARY
:DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEMS

The function of a receiver in a binary communication *

system is to distinguish between two transmitted signals
.S1(t) and S2(t) in the presence of noise

The performance of the receiver is usually measured *

in terms of the probability of error and the receiver
is said to be optimum if it yields the minimum
.probability of error

In this section, we will derive the structure of an optimum *

receiver that can be used for demodulating binary
.ASK,PSK,and FSK signals
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Dr. Uri Mahlab

Description of binary ASK,PSK, and

: FSK schemes

-Bandpass binary data transmission system

Transmit Local carrier

carrier Noise
Clock pulses (n(t

Input +
Binary
+
data +
(Z(t (V(t
{bk}

{bk}
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 Dr. Uri Mahlab
:Explanation *
The input of the system is a binary bit sequence {bk} with a *
.bit rate r b and bit duration Tb

The output of the modulator during the Kth bit interval *

.depends on the Kth input bit bk

The modulator output Z(t) during the Kth bit interval is *

a shifted version of one of two basic waveforms S1(t) or S2(t) and
:Z(t) is a random process defined by

.1

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Dr. Uri Mahlab

The waveforms S1(t) and S2(t) have a duration *

of Tb and have finite energy,that is,S1(t) and S2(t) =0

if and

Energy
:Term

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Dr. Uri Mahlab

:The received signal + noise

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Choice of signaling waveforms for various types of digital*
modulation schemes c
S1(t),S2(t)=0 for t [0, Tb ]; f c
2
.The frequency of the carrier fc is assumed to be a multiple of rb
Type of
S1 (T );0 t Tb s2 (t );0 t Tb modulation
A cos wc t
0
(or A sin wc t ) ASK
A cos wct A cos wc t
(or A sin wc t ) ( A sin wc t ) PSK
A cos{( wc wd )t} A cos{( wc wd )t}
[(or A sin{( wc wd )t}] [or A sin{( wc wd )t}]
FSK

9 Dr. Uri Mahlab

Dr. Uri Mahlab

:Receiver structure

(V0(t

output

Sample every
Tb seconds

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Dr. Uri Mahlab

:{Probability of Error-{Pe*
The measure of performance used for comparing *
!!!digital modulation schemes is the probability of error

The receiver makes errors in the decoding process *

!!! due to the noise present at its input

The receiver parameters as H(f) and threshold setting are *

!!!chosen to minimize the probability of error

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Dr. Uri Mahlab

:The output of the filter at t=kTb can be written as *

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 :The signal component in the output at t=kTb
kTb

s0 (kTb )

Z ( )h(kT b )d
kTb

Z (
k 1)Tb
) h ( kTb ) d ISI terms

h( )is the impulse response of the receiver filter*

ISI=0*

kTb

s0 (kTb ) Z ( )h(kT )d
( k 1)Tb
b

13 Dr. Uri Mahlab

Dr. Uri Mahlab

Substituting Z(t) from equation 1 and making*

change of the variable, the signal component
:will look like that

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 :The noise component n0(kTb) is given by *

The output noise n0(t) is a stationary zero mean Gaussian random process
:The variance of n0(t) is*

:The probability density function of n0(t) is*

15 Dr. Uri Mahlab

Dr. Uri Mahlab
The probability that the kth bit is incorrectly decoded*
:is given by

.2

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Dr. Uri Mahlab

:The conditional pdf of V0 given bk = 0 is given by*

.3

:It is similarly when bk is 1*

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Dr. Uri Mahlab

Combining equation 2 and 3 , we obtain an*

:expression for the probability of error- Pe as

.4

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 :Conditional pdf of V0 given bk

f v0 bk 0 ( v0 )
f v0 b k 1( v0 )

:The optimum value of the threshold T0* is*

S S
*
T 0 01 02
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2
Dr. Uri Mahlab
Dr. Uri Mahlab
Substituting the value of T*0 for T0 in equation 4*
we can rewrite the expression for the probability
:of error as

1 (V0 s01 ) 2


exp dV0
Pe
( s02 s01 ) / 2
2N 0 2N0

1 Z 2

2
exp
2
dZ

( s02 s01 ) / 2 N 0

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 Dr. Uri Mahlab

The optimum filter is the filter that maximizes*

2
the ratio or the square of the ratio

(maximizing 2eliminates the requirement S01<S02)

S02 (Tb ) S01 (Tb )

N0

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Dr. Uri Mahlab
:Transfer Function of the Optimum Filter*
The probability of error is minimized by an *
2
appropriate choice of h(t) which maximizes

[ s02 (Tb ) s01 (Tb )] 2

Where
2

N0
Tb

s02 (Tb ) s01 (Tb ) [ s2 ( ) s1 ( )]h(Tb )d

0

2
And N 0 Gn ( f ) H ( f ) df

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Dr. Uri Mahlab
If we let P(t) =S2(t)-S1(t), then the numerator of the*
:quantity to be maximized is
S02 (Tb ) S01 (Tb ) P0 (Tb )
Tb
P( )h(Tb )d P( )h(T b )d
0

Since P(t)=0 for t<0 and h( )=0 for <0*

:the Fourier transform of P0 is

P0 ( f ) P( f ) H ( f )

P0 (Tb ) P( f ) H ( f ) exp( j 2fTb )df

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:Hence be written as*
2
can

(*)

We can maximize by applying Schwarzs*

2

:inequality which has the form

(**)
24 Dr. Uri Mahlab
Applying Schwarzs inequality to Equation(**) with-

X 1 ( f ) H ( f ) Gn ( f )
and
P( f ) exp( j 2fTb )
X2( f )
Gn ( f )
2
We see that H(f), which maximizes ,is given by-

(***)

!!! Where K is an arbitrary constant

25 Dr. Uri Mahlab
Dr. Uri Mahlab

Substituting equation (***) in(*) , we obtain-

:the maximum value of as
2

:And the minimum probability of error is given by-

Z max
2
1
Pe

2
exp
2
dZ Q
2

max/ 2

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Dr. Uri Mahlab

:Matched Filter Receiver*

If the channel noise is white, that is, Gn(f)= /2 ,then the transfer -
:function of the optimum receiver is given by

From Equation (***) with the arbitrary constant K set equal to /2-
:The impulse response of the optimum filter is

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Dr. Uri Mahlab

Recognizing the fact that the inverse Fourier *

of P*(f) is P(-t) and that exp(-2 jfTb) represent
:a delay of Tb we obtain h(t) as

h(t ) p(Tb t )
:Since p(t)=S1(t)-S2(t) , we have*

The impulse response h(t) is matched to the signal *

:S1(t) and S2(t) and for this reason the filter is called
MATCHED FILTER
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 :Impulse response of the Matched Filter *
1
(S2(t
t
0 2 \Tb (a)
(S1(t
0
2 \Tb t
1- (b)

2
(P(t)=S2(t)-S1(t 2 \Tb
0 t
2 (c) Tb

(P(-t
t
Tb- 0 (d)
2
(h(t)=p(Tb-t (h(Tb-t)=p(t
2 \Tb
0 t
29 (e) Tb Dr. Uri Mahlab
Dr. Uri Mahlab
:Correlation Receiver*
The output of the receiver at t=Tb*

Where V( ) is the noisy input to the receiver

Substituting h( ) S2 (Tb ) S1 (Tb ) and noting *

: that h( ) 0 for (0, Tb ) we can rewrite the preceding expression as

(# #)

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Dr. Uri Mahlab
Equation(# #) suggested that the optimum receiver can be implemented *
as shown in Figure 1 .This form of the receiver is called
A Correlation Receiver
S1 (t ) integrator
Figure 1
Tb

S1 (t ) n(t ) 0

V (t ) or
S (t ) n(t ) - Threshold
2
device
+ (A\D)
Sample
Tb
every Tb
seconds

0

S2 (t ) integrator
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 In actual practice, the receiver shown in Figure 1 is actually *
.implemented as shown in Figure 2
In this implementation, the integrator has to be reset at the
- (end of each signaling interval in order to ovoid (I.S.I
!!! Inter symbol interference
:Integrate and dump correlation receiver
White Closed every Tb seconds
(n(t Filter
Gaussian
noise + to Threshold
+ limit c device
noise (A/D)
(Signal z(t power R
High gain
Figure 2 S1 (t ) S2 (t ) amplifier

The bandwidth of the filter preceding the integrator is assumed *

!!! to be wide enough to pass z(t) without distortion
32 Dr. Uri Mahlab
Dr. Uri Mahlab

Example: A band pass data transmission scheme

uses a PSK signaling scheme with

S 2 (t ) A cos wct , 0 t Tb , wc 10 / Tb
S1 (t ) A cos wct , 0 t Tb , Tb 0.2m sec

The carrier amplitude at the receiver input is 1 mvolt and

the psd of the A.W.G.N at input is 1011watt/Hz. Assume
that an ideal correlation receiver is used. Calculate the
.average bit error rate of the receiver

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 Dr. Uri Mahlab
:Solution
Data rate =5000 bit/sec
Gn ( f ) / 2 1011 watt / Hz
Receiver impulse response h(t ) S 2 (Tb t ) S1 (Tb t )
2 A cos wc (Tb t )
Threshold setting is 0 and 2
P( f )
2 max G ( f ) df
n

2
P ( f ) dt
2

2 b
T

[ S 2 (t ) S1 (t )]2 dt
0
2 b 2
T

4 A (cos wc t ) 2 dt
0
2 4 A2Tb
(2 A Tb )
2
40

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 Dr. Uri Mahlab
:Solution Continue
=Probability of error = Pe *

1 z
2

1
2
exp
2
dz
max
2

Q 10
From the table of Gaussian probabilities ,we*
get Pe
0.0008 and
b) pe /sec = 4 bits/sec
Average error rate (r

35