LEARNING OUTCOMES :

At the end of the lesson students should be able

to:
(a) relate integration and differentiation

(b) use the basic rules of integration

1 x x
(c) determine the integral of e , , a .
x
(d) determine the integral of the forms
f ' x
i. dx ii. f ' x e dx
f x

f x

iii. f ' x f x dx
n
iv. a bx c dx
 Consider the derivatives of the functions below :
d 1 3
x x f x
2
dx 3
d 1 3
x 2 x 2
dx 3
F x
d 1 3
x 10 x 2
dx 3 Definition:
A function F ( x) is called an antiderivative of a
function f ( x) if the derivative of F x is f x
 d
[ F ( x) c] f ( x)
dx
f ( x) is derivative of F ( x)
F ( x) is antiderivative of f ( x)

f ( x) dx F ( x) C
 Example 1

Given that
d
dx
3

x 3 x , find
2

2
(a) 3 x dx

12x dx
2
(b)

2
(c) 4x dx

x dx
2
(d)
Solution

(a)
d
dx

x dx 3x dx
3 2

x c 3x dx
3 2

3x dx x c
2 3

(b) 4
d
dx

x dx 4 3x dx
3 2

4 x 3
c
12x 2
dx

12 x dx 4 x c
2 3
(c)
4
d 3
x dx
4
3 dx
3x 2

3 dx

3

4 3
x c 4x 2

dx
4 3
4 x dx x c
2

1 d 1
(d) x dx 3x 2 dx
3
3 dx 3

3

1 3
x c x 2 dx

1 3
x dx x c
2

3
Example 1
Differentiate x ln x with respect
to x . Hence, determine

ln x dx

Solution
1
x ln x x x ln x 1
d
dx

1 ln x
 d
dx x ln x dx 1 ln x dx
1 ln x dx x ln x c

1 dx ln x dx x ln x c

x ln x dx x ln x c

ln x dx x ln x x c
 Basic Rules of Integration

1. a dx ax c
n 1
x
2. x dx
n
c, n 1
n 1
3. a f ( x) dx a f ( x) dx
4. [ f(x) g(x)]dx f(x)dx g(x)dx
n 1
(ax b)
5. (ax b) dx
n
c , n 1
a(n 1)
Example 2

(a) x 4 3

2 x 1 dx
2
(b) 2 dx
x
x 2x 1
5 2
(c) 4
dx
x

5
(d) (2 x 1) dx
 Solution

(a) x 2 x 1 dx
5 4
x x
4 3
xc
5 2

2
(b) x 2
dx 2 x 2
dx

2 x 1
c
1
2
c
x
 x 2x 1
5 2
(c) x 4
dx

2 1
x 2 4 dx
x x

2 4
xdx 2 x dx x dx
2 3
x 2 x
C
2 x 3
 5
(d) (2 x 1) dx
( 2 x 1) 6
c
6 ( 2)
( 2 x 1)
6
c
12
Integration of exponential functions

1. e dx e c
x x
Hint:
1
e dx e f ( x) c
f ( x)

1 ax b f '( x)
2. e ax b
dx e c , a 0
a

3. e f ( x)
. f '( x) dx e f ( x)
c,
a ,b, c constant
 x
a
4. a dx x
c
ln a Hint
f ( x)
a
dx c
f ( x)
a
px q f '( x) ln a
a
5. a px q
dx c , p0
p ln a

Note:

e ln f ( x ) f ( x )

e x ln a
e ln a x
a x
 Example 3

Find the indefinite integrals:

e2 x 3
.
(a ) e dx
2x
(d) x
dx
e

(b) e 3x 1 e
3 x4 2 x3 x
dx (e) dx

(c) 10e45 x dx
Solution
2x
(a) e dx e
c
2x

2
3x4
e
(b) e 3 x4
dx c
3
4 5 x
10e
(c) 10e dx
4 5 x
c
5
4 5 x
2e c
 e2 x 3
(d) x dx (e 3e )dx
x x

e
x
e 3e x
c

3x 1 e x3 x
(e) 2 x3 x
dx e c
Example 4

Find the indefinite integrals :

(a) 6 x3 dx

(b) 3e 8 dx
7x x
 Solution

(b)
7x
8 dx
x


(a) x 3 3e
6 dx

x 3
6 3 e dx 8 dx
7x x

c
ln 6 x
3 7x 8
e c
7 ln 8
Try this
1

3
e dx x
1
dx x dx

Remember!!!
n 1
x
x dx C n 1
n

n 1
x dx
n
A special case of when n = -1 is :

1
x dx ln | x | c
Integrals which produce logarithmic functions

1
x
dx ln x c , x 0

1 1
ax b dx a ln ax b c
In general,
f x
f x dx ln f x c
Example 5

Find:
5 1
(a) dx (c) dx
x 1 x
1 (d)
2
(b) 1 dx dx
x 3(1 2 x)
 Solution
5
(a) dx 5 dx 5ln x c
1
x x
1
(b) 1 x dx x ln x c
1
(c) 1 x dx ln 1 x c
2 1
(d) 3(1 2 x) dx ln 1 2 x c
3
Example 6

Find the indefinite integrals.

2 x
(a)
x 1
2
dx

4 xe 8
x2

(b) e x2
4x
dx

1
(c) x
dx
1 e
 f x
f x dx ln f x c
Solution

2x f ( x) x 1
2
(a)
x 2 1 dx f ' ( x) 2 x
2x
2 dx
x 1
ln x 1 C
2
 f ( x) e 4 x
x2

f ' ( x) 2 xe 4
x2

4 xe 8 x2
(b)
e x 2
4x
dx

(2 xe 4) x2
2 dx
e 4x
2
x

2ln e 4x C
x2
 1 1
(c) 1 e x dx 1
dx
1 x f ( x) 1 e x
e
f '( x) e x
x
e
dx
1 e x

ln 1 e c
x
 CONCLUSION
Integration Of Some Standard Examples
Function

a dx ax c 5dx 5 x c
n 1
x n 1 x4
dx n 1 c , x dx 4 c
n 3
x

2 x 3
n 1
( ax b) 6

dx c ,
2 x 3 dx 2 6 c
n 5
( ax b)
a(n 1)
n 1

e dx e c c
x x x x
e dx e
ax b
e e3 x 2
dx a c
ax b
e
3x2
e dx c
3
 CONCLUSION
Integration Of Some Standard Examples
Function

2x 1 e
x2 x x2 x
e . f '( x)dx e c dx e c
f ( x) f ( x)

x x
a 9
dx ln a c dx ln 9 c
x x
a 9
px q 2 x4
a

px q
dx c 9
9
2 x4
a dx c
p ln a 2 ln 9
1 1
x
dx ln x c x
dx ln x c
1 1 1 1
ax b dx a ln ax b c 5 x 2 dx 5 ln 5 x 2 c
f x 10 x 3
x c 5x2 3x 3x c
2
dx ln f dx ln 5 x
f x