BY

GEORGE JOHN
PRAGYANSH PANIGRAHI
 PETROCHEMICALS
The two most common petrochemical classes are :
Olefins ethylene and propylene
Aromatics - benzene, toluene and xylene isomers.
Oil refineries and Chemical plants produce olefins
by steam cracking of naptha and natural gas.
Aromatics are produced by catalytic
reforming of naphtha.
Refinery Streams to Petrochemicals

4
 Steam cracking.
Steam cracking is a Pyrolysis process , involving
cracking and de-hydrogenation.
Heating of hydrocarbons in the presence of
steam.
 Chemistry of steam
cracking

Initiation 3 3 3 0 + 3 0

3 0 + 3 3 4 + 3 0 2
Propagation 3 0 2 2 =C2 + 0
0 + 3 3 2 + 3 0 2

0 + 0 2
Termination 3 0 2 + 3 0 2 = 2 + 4 .
Significant petrochemicals and their derivatives
Significant petrochemicals and their derivatives
Significant petrochemicals and their derivatives
Significant petrochemicals and their derivatives
Classification of
Petrochemicals
 CLASSIFICATION OF
PETROCHEMICALS
FIRST GENERATION PETROCHEMICALS

SECOND GENERATION PETROCHEMICALS

THIRD GENERATION PETROCHEMICALS

 FIRST GENERATION
PETROCHEMICALS :
Chemicals directly available from petroleum
crude or natural gas either by fractionation,
isomerization, cracking.

Represent the basic petrochemicals which are

the building blocks for various chemical
synthesis.
Examples of First Generation
Petro chemicals:
Methane, Ethane, Propane.
Ethylene, Propylene, Butylenes, Acetylene
Butadiene.
Aromatics such as Benzene, Toulene, Xylenes.
These can be sub grouped as aliphatic, olefins,
acetylene, dienic, naphthenic and aromatics
basic petrochemicals.
Refinery Streams For Petrochemicals/ Chemicals
PROPYLENE PETROCHEMICALS
CRACKED LPG /CHEMICALS
BUTENE, BUTANE

PETROL

NAPHTHA FERTILIZERS
HAN
POWER PLANTS
LAN
PETROCHEMICALS/
AROMATICS
CHEMICALS
REFINERY

ETHYLENE
NAPHTHA
PROPYLENE PETROCHEMICALS/
CRACKER CHEMICALS
BUTADIENE

PETROCHEMICALS/
KEROSENE N-PARAFFINS
CHEMICALS

FUEL

15
 SECOND GENERATION
PETROCHEMICALS:
Not present as such as petroleum or crude oil.
Cannot be obtained by simple operations such
as reforming, cracking or hydro cracking.
Derivatives of first generation petrochemicals.
Second generation petrochemicals are the
intermediate chemicals and constitute as the
raw materials for consumer products like
plastic, rubbers, fibers, dyes etc.
Examples of Second Generation
Petrochemicals:
Styrene (derived from benzene and
ethylene).
Dimethyl Terephthalate (derived from p-
xylene)
Ethylene glycol (derived from ethylene)
Vinyl chloride monomer
Adipic Acid (derived from benzene)
Acrylonitrile (derived from propylene)
 Intermediates and Derivatives :
Petrochemical intermediates are generally
produced by chemical conversion of primary
petrochemicals to form more complicated
derivative products.
Petrochemical derivative products can be made in
a variety of ways:
Directly from primary petrochemicals.
Through intermediate products which still
contain only carbon and hydrogen.
Through intermediates which incorporate
chlorine, nitrogen or oxygen in the finished
derivative.
In some cases, they are finished products; in
others, more steps are needed to arrive at the
desired composition.
Primary Petrochemicals & Intermediates
and Derivatives
THIRD GENERATION PETROCHEMICALS :
Consumer commodities derived from second
generation petrochemicals.
Represent most important commercial products
such as:
Plastics, Rubbers, Fibers, Detergents etc.
Some of these may directly synthesized from first
generation petrochemicals.

For instance Polybutadiene rubber is obtained

by polymerizing butadiene which is a basic
petrochemicals.
 Examples of Third Generation of chemicals

Polystyrene (from styrene)

Polyvinyl chloride (from vinyl chloride monomer)
DDT (from Chlorobenzene)
Azo dyes (from aniline)

Most of the plastic or rubbers are derived from

second generation Petrochemicals.

Polybutadiene rubber is regarded as a third

generation petrochemical.
Some Common Petrochemical Products
Some Common Petrochemical Products
Petrochemical value chain
 PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTS AND
THEIR USES
ACRYLIC FIBRE Hand knitting yarn, Sweaters, T-Shirts,
Cardigans, Shawls, blankets, Carpets in
woolen sector, Dress materials, Shirtings,
Suitings, Sarees, Furnishings, Casual
Kintwear, Carbon Fibre, etc.

PROPYLENE Glass Fibre Reinforcement

GLYCOL

ACETONE Solvents, Cosmetics, Drugs

POLYBUTADIENE Tyres(Radial), Retreading Compounds, Sports

Goods, Footwear, Rollers, Battery Boxes,
Betting Seats and Gaskets, hoses, mechanical
goods, etc.
 PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTS AND
THEIR USES
ACRYLIC ACID Glacial Acrylic Acid, super Adsorbent
Polymers, Acrylic esters

STYRENE BUTADIENE Tires, tread rubber, molded & extruded

RUBBER mechanical goods, floor coverings, shoe soles
& heels, refrigerator gaskets etc.

POLYPROPYLENE Flat tapes, Woven Sacks, Fibrillated Yarn

and monofilaments for ropes and twines,
strapping film tubular quenched and
oriented, pipes and sheets, Houseware,
Medical and Hospital use products, blow
moulded bottles, moulded industrial
products, staple fibre, moulded luggage,
etc.

27