Chapter 10

Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Chapter 10
Personality
Chapter 10
Defining Some Terms

Personality: A persons unique and relatively stable
behavior patterns; the consistency of who you are, have
been, and will become
Character: Personal characteristics that have been
judged or evaluated
Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality,
including sensitivity, moods, irritability, and adaptability
Personality Trait: Stable qualities that a person shows in
most situations
Personality Type: People who have several traits in
common
Figure 10.1 Chapter 10
FIGURE 10.1 Personality types are defined by the presence of several specific traits. For
example, several possible personality traits are shown in the left column. A person who has a
Type A personality typically possesses all or most of the highlighted traits. Type A persons are
especially prone to heart disease (see Chapter 11).
Chapter 10
Personality Theories: An Overview

Personality Theory: System of concepts, assumptions,
ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality;
includes five perspectives:
Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality
and how they relate to actual behavior
Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on the inner workings of
personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles
Behavioristic Theories: Focus on external environment and on
effects of conditioning and learning
Social Learning Theories: Attribute differences in perspectives to
socialization, expectations, and mental processes
Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience
and personal growth
Chapter 10
Trait Theories
Trait theorists aim to describe personality
with a small number of traits or factors
Personality traitstable quality a person
shows across most situations
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Adjective Checklist

Chapter 10
Raymond Cattell and Traits

Surface Traits: Features that make up the visible areas
of personality
Source Traits: Underlying traits of a personality; each
reflected in a number of surface traits
Cattell also created 16PF, personality test
Gives a picture of an individuals personality
Chapter 10
the Big Five Personality Factors

(McCrae & Costa, 2001)
Openness to Experience
Conscientious
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
FIGURE 10.4 The Big Five. According to the five-factor model, basic differences in personality
can be boiled down to the dimensions shown here. The five-factor model answers these
essential questions about a person: Is she or he extroverted or introverted? Agreeable or difficult?
Conscientious or irresponsible? Emotionally stable or unstable? Smart or unintelligent? These
questions cover a large measure of what we might want to know about someones personality.
Chapter 10
True or False?
1. I believe my parents have been one of the most
influential forces in my development.
2. Events that occurred in childhood still affect me today.
3. I sometimes experience a struggle from within myself.
4. Sometimes I am not aware of my own motivations and

desires.
5. Sometimes when I am in an argument, I feel they

assume that I am upset, when I am actually fine.
Chapter 10
Psychoanalytic Theory and Sigmund Freud, M.D.

Freud was a Viennese physician who thought his
patients problems were more emotional than physical.
Freud began his work by using hypnosis and eventually
switched to psychoanalysis.
Freud had many followers: Jung and Adler, to name a
few.
Freud used cocaine and tobacco and died from oral
cancer.
More than 100 years later, his work is still influential and
very controversial
Chapter 10
Some Key Freudian Terms

Psyche: Freuds term for the personality
Libido: Energy
Eros: Life instincts
Thanatos: Death instinct
FIGURE 10.6 The approximate relationship between the id, ego, and superego, and the levels
of awareness.
Chapter 10
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory: The Id

Innate biological instincts and urges; self-serving,
irrational, and totally unconscious
Works on Pleasure Principle: Wishes to have its desires
(pleasurable) satisfied NOW, without waiting and
regardless of the consequences
Chapter 10
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory: The Ego

Executive; directs id energies
Partially conscious and partially unconscious
Works on Reality Principle: Delays action until it is
practical and/or appropriate
Chapter 10
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory: The Superego

Judge or censor for thoughts and actions of the ego
Superego comes from our parents or caregivers; guilt
comes from the superego
Two parts
Conscience: Reflects actions for which a person has
been punished
Ego Ideal: Second part of the superego; reflects
behavior ones parents approved of or rewarded
Chapter 10
Freudian Personality Development

Develops in stages; everyone goes through same stages
in same order
Majority of personality is formed before age 6
Erogenous Zone: Area on body capable of producing
pleasure
Fixation: Unresolved conflict or emotional hang-up
caused by overindulgence or frustration
Chapter 10
Table 13.1
Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development
Chapter 10
Figure 13.5
Freud believed that psychoanalysis could bring parts of the unconscious
into the conscious mind, where the client could deal with them.
Chapter 10
Freudian Defense Mechanisms:
Psychological Defenders of You!
Defense Mechanisms: Habitual and unconscious (in
most cases) psychological processes designed to
reduce anxiety
Work by avoiding, denying, or distorting sources of
threat or anxiety
If used short term, can help us get through everyday
situations
If used long term, we may end up not living in reality
Protect idealized self-image so we can live with
ourselves
Chapter 10
Freudian Defense Mechanisms:
Some Examples
Denial: Most primitive; refusing to believe, denying
reality; usually occurs with death and illness
Repression: When painful memories, anxieties, and so
on are held out of our awareness
Projection: When ones own feelings, shortcomings, or
unacceptable traits and impulses are seen in others;
exaggerating negative traits in others lowers anxiety
Rationalization: Justifying personal actions by giving
rational but false reasons for them
Reaction Formation: Impulses are repressed and the
opposite behavior is exaggerated
Chapter 10
Describe Your Behavior

1. On a date
2. At home with parents
3. In class
4. At a sporting event
5. Reading a book
6. In dining hall at mealtime
7. Talking with a good friend
Choose 2 for each: Selfish Energetic Demanding Polite Reserved Helpful

Chapter 10
Learning Theories and Some Key Terms

Behavioral Personality Theory: Model of personality that
emphasizes learning and observable behavior
Learning Theorist: Believes that learning shapes our
behavior and explains personality
Situational Determinants: External conditions that
influence our behaviors
Chapter 10
Humanism
Approach that focuses on human experience, problems,
potentials, and ideals
Human Nature: Traits, qualities, potentials, and behavior
patterns most characteristic of humans
Free Choice: Ability to choose that is NOT controlled by
genetics, learning, or unconscious forces
Subjective Experience: Private perceptions of reality
Self-Actualization (Maslow): Process of fully developing
personal potentials
Peak Experiences: Temporary moments of self-
actualization
Chapter 10
Carl Rogers Self Theory

Fully Functioning Person: Lives in harmony with his/her
deepest feelings and impulses
Self: Flexible and changing perception of ones identity
Self-Image: Total subjective perception of your body and
personality
Incongruence: Exists when there is a discrepancy
between ones experiences and self-image
Ideal Self: Idealized image of oneself (the person one
would like to be)
Positive Self-Regard: Thinking of oneself as a good,
lovable, worthwhile person
Unconditional Positive Regard: Unshakable love and
approval
FIGURE 10.8 Incongruence occurs when there is a mismatch between any of these three
entities: the ideal self (the person you would like to be), your self-image (the person you think
you are), and the true self (the person you actually are). Selfesteem suffers when there is a
large difference between ones ideal self and self-image. Anxiety and defensiveness are
common when the self-image does not match the true self.
Chapter 10
Personality Assessment
Interview: Face-to-face meeting designed to
gain information about someones personality,
current psychological state, or personal history
Unstructured Interview: Conversation is
informal, and topics are discussed as they
arise
Structured Interview: Follows a prearranged
plan, using a series of planned questions
Direct Observation: Looking at behavior

Chapter 10

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Chapter 10

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Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon

Defining Some Terms

Personality Theories: An Overview

Table 10.1 Adjective Checklist

Raymond Cattell and Traits

the Big Five Personality Factors

2. Events that occurred in childhood still affect me today.

3. I sometimes experience a struggle from within myself.

4. Sometimes I am not aware of my own motivations and

5. Sometimes when I am in an argument, I feel they

Psychoanalytic Theory and Sigmund Freud, M.D.

Some Key Freudian Terms

Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory: The Id

Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory: The Ego

Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory: The Superego

Freudian Personality Development

Describe Your Behavior

Choose 2 for each: Selfish Energetic Demanding Polite Reserved Helpful

Learning Theories and Some Key Terms

Carl Rogers Self Theory

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