John E. McMurry • Robert C.

Fay

General Chemistry: Atoms First

Chapter 9
Gases: Their Properties and Behavior

Lecture Notes
Alan D. Earhart
Southeast Community College • Lincoln, NE

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Gases and Gas Pressure

Chapter 9/2
Gases and Gas Pressure

Force
Pressure:
Unit area

Conversions

1 atm = 760 mm Hg (exact)

1 torr = 1 mm Hg (exact)

1 bar = 1 x 105 Pa (exact)

1 atm = 101 325 Pa

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/5

 The Gas Laws

Ideal Gas: A gas whose behavior follows the gas

laws exactly.

The physical properties of a gas can be defined

by four variables:

P pressure

T temperature

V volume

n number of moles
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/7
The Gas Laws

Boyle’s Law
1
V (constant n and T)
 P

PV = k

Chapter 9/8
 The Gas Laws

Boyle’s Law

Pinitial Vinitial = Pfinal Vfinal

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/9
The Gas Laws

Charles’ Law

V (constant n and P)
T

V
=k
T

Chapter 9/10
 The Gas Laws

Charles’ Law

Vinitial Vfinal
=
Tinitial Tfinal
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/11
The Gas Laws

Avogadro’s Law

Vn (constant T and P)

V
=k
n
Vinitial Vfinal
=
ninitial nfinal

Chapter 9/12
 The Gas Laws

Summary
Boyle’s Law: Pinitial Vinitial = Pfinal Vfinal

Vinitial Vfinal
Charles’ Law: =
Tinitial Tfinal

Vinitial Vfinal
Avogadro’s Law: =
ninitial nfinal

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/13

 The Ideal Gas Law

Is there a mathematical relationship between

P, V, n, and T for an ideal gas?
Chapter 9/14
 The Ideal Gas Law

Boyle’s Law: PV = nRT = k (n and T are constant)

V nR
Charles’ Law: = =k (n and T are constant)
T P

V RT
Avogadro’s Law: = =k (n and T are constant)
n P

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/15

 The Ideal Gas Law

Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT

R is the gas constant and is the same for all gases.

L atm
R = 0.082058
K mol

T = 0 °C (273.15 K)
Standard Temperature and
Pressure (STP) for Gases P = 1 atm

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/16

 The Ideal Gas Law

What is the volume of 1 mol of gas at STP?

L atm
(1 mol) 0.082058 (273.15 K)
K mol
nRT
V= = = 22.414 L
P (1 atm)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/17

 Stoichiometric Relationships
with Gases
The reaction used in the deployment of automobile
airbags is the high-temperature decomposition of sodium
azide, NaN3, to produce N2 gas. How many liters of N2 at
1.15 atm and 30.0 °C are produced by decomposition of
45.0 g NaN3?
2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/19

 Stoichiometric Relationships
with Gases
2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)

Moles of N2 produced:
45.0 g NaN3 1 mol NaN3 3 mol N2
x x = 1.04 mol N2
65.0 g NaN3 2 mol NaN3

Volume of N2 produced:
L atm
(1.04 mol) 0.082058 (303.2 K)
K mol
nRT
V= = = 22.5 L
P (1.15 atm)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/20
Partial Pressure and Dalton’s
Law
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures: The total
pressure exerted by a mixture of gases in a
container at constant V and T is equal to the sum
of the pressures of each individual gas in the
container.
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + … + PN

Moles of component
Mole Fraction (X) =
Total moles in mixture

ni Pi
Xi = or Xi =
ntotal Ptotal
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/21
 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
of Gases
1. A gas consists of tiny particles, either atoms or molecules,
moving about at random.

2. The volume of the particles themselves is negligible

compared with the total volume of the gas; most of the volume
of a gas is empty space.

3. The gas particles act independently of one another; there are

no attractive or repulsive forces between particles.

4. Collisions of the gas particles, either with other particles or

with the walls of a container, are elastic (constant
temperature).

5. The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is proportional

to the Kelvin temperature of the sample.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/22
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
of Gases

molar
mass

average
speed

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/24

The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
of Gases

Chapter 9/25
Graham’s Law: Diffusion and
Effusion of Gases
Graham’s Law: Diffusion and
Effusion of Gases
1
Graham’s Law: Rate 
m

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/27

The Behavior of Real Gases

The volume of a real gas is larger

than predicted by the ideal gas law.
The Behavior of Real Gases

Attractive forces between particles become

more important at higher pressures.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/29

 The Behavior of Real Gases

van der Waals equation

Correction for
intermolecular
attractions.
an2
P+ 2 V - n b = nRT
V
Correction for
molecular
volume.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9/30

The Earth’s Atmosphere

Chapter 9/31
Chapter 9/32
The Earth’s Atmosphere