Chapter 3 Torsion

Introduction

-- Analyzing the stresses and strains in machine

parts which are subjected to torque T
Circular
-- Cross-section Non-circular
Irregular shapes
-- Material (1) Elastic
(2) Elasto-plastic
-- Shaft (1) Solid
(2) Hollow
3.1 Introduction

T is a vector
Two ways of expression
-- Applications:
a. Transmission of torque in shafts,
e.g. in automobiles
Assumptions in Torque Analysis:
a. Every cross section remains plane and undistorted.
b. Shearing strain varies linearly along the axis of the shaft.
3.2 Preliminary Discussion of the Stresses in a Shaft

dF T
Where = distance (torque arm)

Since dF = dA

( dA) T
The stress distribution is Statically
Free-body Diagram
Indeterminate.
-- Must rely on deformation to solve the problem.

Analyzing a small element:

3.3 Deformations in a Circular Shaft

= (T, L) -- the angle of twist Rectangular cross section

(deformation) warps under torsion
CD C ' D '

A circular plane remains

circular plane
Determination of Shear Strain

(in radians)
L
The shear strain
 c
max = c = radius of the shaft
L
max L

c

Since
L

max
c
3.4 Stresses in the Elastic Range

Hookes Law G

max
c

G G max
c
G
max G max

Therefore, max (3.6)
c
 c1
min max
c2

( dA) T (3.1) max
c (3.6)

max 2
T dA maxdA dA
c c

dA J
2
But

Therefore, T
max J Or, max
Tc (3.9)
c J
Substituting Eq. (3.9) into Eq. (3.6)

Tc
max (3.10)
J
T
(3.9)
J
These are elastic torsion formulas.

1 4
For a solid cylinder: J c
2
1
For a hollow cylinder: J (c24 c14 )
2
F 2( max A0 )cos 45 max A0 2 (3-13)
Eq. (3 13)
Since A Ao 2
A

F max A0 2
max
A A0 2
Mohrs Circle (Sec. 7.4)
-- Pure Shear Condition
Ductile materials fail Brittle materials are weaker in
in shear (90o fracture) tension (45o fracture)
3.5 Angle of Twist in the Elastic Range

c
max (3.3)
L
max Tc
max sin ce max
G J
Tc
Therefore, max (3.15)
JG
c Tc
Eq. (3.3) = Eq. (3.15) max
L JG
TL
Hence,
JG
For Multiple-Section Shafts:

Ti J i

i J i Gi
Shafts with a Variable Circular Cross Section

Tdx
d
JG
Tdx

L

0 JG
3.6 Statically Indeterminate Shafts

-- Must rely on both

(1) Torque equations and T 0
TL
(2) Deformation equation, i.e.
JG
Example 3.05
3.7 Design of Transmission Shafts
-- Two Parameters in Transmission Shafts:
a. Power P
b. Speed of rotation

P power T
where = angular velocity (radians/s) = 2
= frequency (Hz)

P 2 f T
P
T [N.m/s = watts (W)] (3.21)
2f
 P
T
2f (3.21)

Tc
max (3.9)
J
J T
Therefore,
c max
For a Solid Circular Shaft:

1 4 1 3
J c and J /c c
2 2
1/ 3
1 T 2T
c
3
c
2 max
max
3.8 Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts

Tc
max K
J
3.9 Plastic Deformation sin Circular Shafts

max (3.4)
c
c = radius of the shaft
 d


c
c

dA = 2 d
dF T (3.1)

Knowing dF = dA

T dF dA (2 d )
c
T 2 2 d (3.26)
0

Where = ()
 Tc
max (3.9)
J

If we can determine experimentally an Ultimate

Torque, TU,
then by means of Eq. (3.9), we have

TU c
RT
J

RT = Modulus of Rupture in Torsion



L
3.10 Circular Shafts Made of an Elasto-Plastic Material

Case I: < Y Hookes Law applies, < max

Case I
Tc
max
J
Case II: < Y Hookes Law applies, = max
J
TY Y TY = max elastic torque
c
Case II
 1
Since J / C c3
2

1 3
TY c Y (3-29)
2

Case III: Entering Plastic Region

Y
0 Y:
Y
Case III
Y c: Y
Y region within the plastic
range
By evoking Eq. (3.26)
c
T 2 d
2
(3.26)
0
Y Y
T Telastic Tplastic 2 d 2 2 Y d
c
2
0
Y Y

1 3 2 3 2 3
Y Y c Y Y Y
2 3 3
2 3 1 Y3
T c Y (1 3
) (3.31)
3 4c

4 1 Y3 1 3
T TY (1 3
) TY c Y
3 4c 2
 Case IV -- Fully Plastic

4 1 Y3
T TY (1 3
)
3 4c

Y 0:

4 Case IV
TP TY = Plastic Torque (3-33)
3
 L Y
Y

L Y
c
Y
Y Y

c

4 1 Y3 T A
T TY (1 )
3 4 3
3.11 Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts

P '
 ( dA) 0
3.12 Torsion of Noncircular Members

A rectangular shaft does not axisymmetry.

zx 0 zy 0
yx 0 yz 0
xy 0 xz 0
From Theory of Elasticity:
T
max
c1ab 2

TL

c2ab3G
 1
c1 c2 (1 0.630b / a ) (for b/a = 5 only) 3.45
3
3.13 Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts

Fx 0 FA - FB = 0 FA A ( t Ax )

A ( t A x ) B ( t B x ) 0
At A B t B
q t cons tan t
dF dA ( tds ) ( t )ds qds

dM O pdF p(qds ) q( pds )

dM o q( 2dA )

T 2qA
 TL ds
2
4A G t
T

2tA