Cellular Biology

Pathophysiology
Stephen P. Wood, ACNP, MS
Northeastern University
School of Nursing
2012
 Objectives
Explore and understand the make-up,
structure and function of the cell
Explore and understand a variety of cellular
functions
Explore and understand some of the
alterations in cell function
 The Cell
Basic structural and functional unit of living
organisms
Activity of any organism depends on both the
individual and collective activities of its cells
Complementarity: Biochemical activity of all
cells is dictated by specific subcellular
structures
Continuity of life has a cellular basis
The Cell back in the day..
 The Cell
BIOLOGICAL UNIVERSES
 What does the cell do?
Movement
Fibroblasts (Stem cells) collagen & elastin (for wound changes), it
can migrate to areas of injuries.
Myocytes (muscle cells)
Conductivity (action potential) Neurons
Allows brain to interact with myocytes for muscle contraction
Metabolic absorption allow cells to bring in substrate, nutrient.
small intestine large absorption capacity with digestive nutrient.
Secretion- exocytosis of Norepinephrine (neurotransmitter)
Excretion Lysosomes release acid hydroxylases to break down
dead cells or bacteria.
Respiration ATP formation of energy, substrate proteins/glucose.
Reproduction - replicating, build new ones or replicate
Communication -
Cell Structure
 Cell Structure
Plasma Membrane
The outer boundary of the cell. Separates the
external environment from the internal
environment. Protection & movement
Components: Phospholipid bilayer,
cholesterol, & proteins.
% of each component depends on cell function or
cellular exposure
Fluid Mosaic model (integration of the three)
Selective membrane (endo or exocytosis,
up&down regulation of proteins)
 Cell Membrane
Biological membrane that separates inside form the
outside
Selectively permeable: controls movement of
substances in/out of the cell
Lipid bilayer: phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol
Asymetry (ex- & internal parts are different):
Regulated by proteins: Flipases, floppases, scramblases to
identify the cell and signal cell death/injury
Proteins: Integral or peripheral
Carbohydrates on the surface to act as singnalling.
 Fluid Mosaic Model
2 dimensional liquid
Allows for fluidity and flexibility
Proteins: some float, some are rigidly
confined/affixed
Selective Permeability
Endo-, exocytosis
Up and down-regulation of proteins
 Phospholipids
Phospholipids (major constituent of cell membrane)
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidyinosotol
Polar heads: Phosphate (hydrophilic - interact with
water)
Non-polar tails: Hydrocarbon tails
Heads oriented out with exposure to external
environment and cytosol - Hydrophilic
Tails form selective interior - Hydrophobic
What is Polar and Non-polar?
 What is Polar and Non-polar?
Polar
Electronegativity (atom/fx group ability to attract electron)
Higher electronegativity, the higher pull on neighboring e-
Dipole-Dipoles occur - unequal sharing of e-
Can participate in H- bonding / H2O soluble
Polar molecule has a small charge that can pull or distract e- in
other molecules.
Non-polar
Equal sharing of electrons
No net charge, No dipole-dipole interaction
Water insoluble
 Phospholipids: Function
Biologic containment (keeping inside in, outside out.
Transport - supports proteins
- Diffusion
- ion pumps ion movements
- channels
- endo- exocytosis
Identification of self or nonself: i.e CD59 (regulating protein that
identifying the cell as itself and preventing from self-injury via
immune system) HIV has CD59
Signaling
- integral proteins
- vesicles
- Phagocytosis (phosphtatidylserine) --> apoptosis
 Cholesterol: Function
Steroid-ring: structure/function
Determines fluidity, large mount will decrease
fluidity, smaller amount will increase it.
Strengthens the bilayer (more rigid)
Decreases permeability
Stabilizes and regulates integral proteins
 Proteins: function
Integral proteins permanently attached to the
cell membrane
Polytopic span the entire membrane
Monotopic Associated with one side
Transporters
Channels
Receptors
Enzymes
Cell adhesion
 The Cytosol and Cytoskeleton
Cytosol - The liquid within the cell
Water 70%
Ions
Macromolecules: Proteins
Function
- cell shape
- signal transduction macro comes in, and
help
- metabolite transport glucose, aa, for
cellular fx
 The Cytosol and Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
Scaffolding: micro-, macro-, intermediate
Actin, Keratin, Vimentin, Tubulin
Function
- Maintenance of cell shape
- Anchoring organelles
- Cellular macromolecules transport
 Organelles: A Review
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Contains the genetic material
Nuclear envelope: double membrane,
encloses nuclear contents
Nuclear pores: regulate what comes in and out via
proteins: importins / exportins
Nucleoskeleton
Nucleolus: rRNA synthesis
 Organelles: A Review
Nucleus
Function
Cell division
Control of genetic material
Replication and Repair of DNA
Direction of cellular activities: intepretation RNA
 Organelles: A Review
Ribosomes (RNA + Proteins)
- Formed in nucleolus
- Membrane bound to ER or free in cytosol
- Catalyze protein translation using mRNAas template and
tRNA to link amino acid to form protein.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Interconnected Tubular channels held together by the
cytoskeletal
- Rough: protein synthesis (binding site of ribosomes, bound
and released by riboforins) proteins: COP 1 and COP 2
to help their target destinations between Golgi apparatus
- Smooth: lipid, streoid synthesis
drug metabolism (CYP 450)
Calcium regulation (SR)
 Organelles: A Review
Golgi Complex
Packages proteins for transport.
Stacked membrane (Cysternea) has enzymes that modified
proteins as it passes through. It received vesicles from the
ER with raw proteins, and as it traveled through each layer,
itll be modified by the enzymes (packaged and folded)
then ship to the final des. (uses ATP to carry out this fx)
Mitochondria (gives energy to golgi)
Inner membrane oxidative phosphoridaton energy
released by oxidation of nutrients to produce ATP
(molecule for energy).
Apoptosis (golgi preventing apoptosis)
 Cellular Metabolism
Digestion
1. Carbohydrate metabolism
Glycolysis glucose (6C sugar) interacts with enzymes to move e-
around to be broken down to 3C glucose (pyruvate) --> 9 steps process
with energy input, but in the end produces pyruvate, easier to
synthesize into energy.
2. Citric Acid Cycle (KREB cycle)
Pyruvate transfering e- to molecules will be later used for ATP
production.
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation (in Mitochrondria)
Taking all the e- from the KREB cycle and to be utilizing them in this
step. Transferring e- form donor to e- acceptor, which caused a
chemical and electrical gradient across the mitochrondria membrane.
This energy can be trapped and later use for formation of ATP>
Questions?