Tire Effects on Vehicle

-Ankit sahu(14BMA0042)
-Sai bharadwaj(14BMA0006)
 Tires?
Functions?
Materials?
Parts?
Types of Tire construction?
Specs?
Performance characteristics?
Parts
Beads
Body Plies
Tread
Sidewall
Belts
Liner
Types
Radial
Bias
Belted bias
Specs
TPMS
Inflation Pressure
Load, speed rating
Wheel alignment
Re-tread
Performance characteristics
Balance
Camber thrust
Contact patch
Cornering force
Dry traction
Force variation
Load sensitivity
Pneumatic trail
Rolling resistance
Self aligning torque
Slip angle
Stopping distance
Tread wear
Wet traction
Work load
Tire Pressure
Proper air pressure in a tire helps to distribute the weight of a vehicle
evenly across the tires tread pattern, so the tire (and the vehicle) is at
its most stable. When a tire is under-inflated or over-inflated, it loses
stability, negatively affecting handling, cornering, and stopping.
Eventually the tire will also start to wear unevenly. Under-inflated
tires tend to show wear on the outside edges of the tread, while over-
inflated tires show wear down the middle of the tread. Either way,
incorrect inflation pressure = uneven wear = tires that wear out faster
= less $$ in your pocket. Nobody wants that.
The perils of under- and over-inflation
An under-inflated tire will flex more when cornering and stopping. Under-
inflated tires don't respond as quickly as they would if they were properly
inflated, so you lose some of the performance and safety benefits built into the
tire by the manufacturer. Over-inflated tires can lose traction because the shape
of the tire actually becomes deformed by excessive air pressure, decreasing the
tires footprint on the road. Over-inflated tires can be more prone to damage -- an
over-inflated tire is stiffer and may not react as expected to common road
hazards like potholes. And over-inflation can even give your vehicle a harsh, noisy
ride. Nobody wants that, either.
Pressure drop! This under-inflated tireshows heavy wear on both shoulders.
When you drive on an over-inflated tire, the center of the tread can wear down.
When you drive on an over-inflated tire, the center of the tread can wear down.
Tire pressure
Tire drag will decrease as the pressure is increased.
Aligning torque is also affected by pressure. As the pressure is
decreased, the print becomes longer and the centre of lateral force
moves rearward. When a tire loses air , steering effort for a given
lateral acceleration turn is increased because of the decrease in
cornering stiffness and increase in aligning torque.
If the tire pressure is raised carcass will get stiffer (less easy to
distort)and the cornering stiffness will increase

Tire temperature
The tire carcass in an elastic device that is partly responsible for the cornering
stiffness. A change in temperature will change the modulus of elasticity of the
rubber and affects the cornering stiffness.
Tyre pressure and temperature are interrelated - lower initial pressure results in
more distortion and higher temperature, which in turn results in higher "hot"
pressure.
Tread compounding is a trade secret with the tyre suppliers; compounds change
with the application and with competition among car companies. Both
temperature history and time appears to effect diagram but its effects are not
consistent across a range of compounds.
Modern race tyre tread compound have an optimum temperature for maximum
grip. If too cold, the Tides are very slippery, if two hot tread rubber will "melt"; in
between is the correct temperature for operation. Unfortunately the tires
temperature change continuously at the pressure, speed and operating forces
vary. Again a compromise is needed.
Conicity and Ply Steer
Conicity is generally the result of an off centre belt in a radial tyre.
Conicity also generates aligning torque in the same direction as the
lateral force.
Ply Steer is apparently the result of the design of plies in the belt. In
this case, the aligning torque is in the opposite direction from the
lateral force. Ply Steer is generally a larger effect than conicity.
Speed Effect
The performance varies with speed. Unfortunately, the effective not
consistent enough to be generalized. The only thing that seems likely
is that tire force capability dropped off as speed is increased. This
drop off maybe a gradual with increasing speed or abrupt in a narrow
range of speeds. In some cases the lateral force capability increases
slightly again as speed increases past a certain point
At the tire speed is increased at constant slip angle, the temperature
also increases.