Faults and folds

MSC Structure
Cataclasites
(broken rocks)

Found along faults...

 Hanging-wall

Footwall
Fault offsets - the jargon

throw

displacement

heave
Striated fault surface.

Betray the movement

direction on the fault
Striated fault surface
 STRIKE-SLIP
FAULT

Striae parallel
to strike of
fault
 270

090

DIP-SLIP OBLIQUE-SLIP STRIKE-SLIP

Pitch = 90 Pitch = 45E Pitch = 0

Glarus THRUST
Carries older rocks onto younger.
2 examples of
Normal faults
Glencoul thrust, NW Scotland
Notice that beds form specific
angular relationships with the thrust
Emergent thrust: front of Himalayas, Salt range, Pakistan.
Duplex structure, NW Scotland
New thrusts form progressively into the footwall

Higher thrusts are folded by lower ones

Piggy-back sequence
Duplex will develop in footwall by
progressive collapse of ramp
next slip surface
displaces
and so it continues...
 Result..
A well-ordered geometry

Predictive elements

along floor thrust

along roof thrust
floor thrust glides in same unit
 except at
leading edge
gliding..
Roof thrust glides
on same footwall unit
 except here where
it climbs original ramp

Predictive geometries. roof and floor

Regional concept?
Listric faults on seismic profile
Cliff height 250 m
 Fault geometries
Regional for blue layer
Left-lateral faulting Right-lateral

Rightward bend

basins

Right step-over
Can you spot the releasing
and restraining bends
along the Dead Sea Fault ?
Deep structure of
subsidiary faults

Flower Structures...
Flower structures on seismic.
Flower structures on seismic.
Lots of faults near surface,
linking downwards onto
single steep fault strand...