Achmad Sultoni Baihaqi

Name : Sulton
Birth : Bekasi, 6 Januari 1995
Blood :O

Email : Ochisultoni@yahoo.com
: Ochisultoni@hotmail.com

Education : Al-Azhar 9 Islamic Elementary School

: Internat Al-Kautsar Junior High School
: Global Prestasi Senior High School
: 5 Senior High School, Bekasi
: Bandung Pilot Academy
 Bahan Ajar
Pilot Operating Handbook/
Aircraft Flight Manual
VS0
Lowest Safe Altitude
Positive Rate of Climb
 Bahan Ajar
VX
VY
VRef
Standard Rate Turn (SRT)
Bank Angle SRT
Diameter SRT
 Pilot Operating Handbook/
/Aircraft Flight Manual
A book containing the information required to safely
operate the aircraft. The information within an AFM is
also referred to a Technical Airwothiness Data (TAWD)

(based from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Flight_Manual)

 VS0
Stall speed or minimum flight
speed in landing configuration.

(based from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds)

 VS0
Stall speed in landing configuration lower limit
of white arc stalling speed or the minimum steady
flight speed at which the airplane is controllable in
landing configuration: engine idle, props in low pitch,
usually full wing flaps, cowl flaps closed, C.G. at
maximum forward limit (i.e. most unfavorable CG),
max gross landing weight.
Maximum allowable Vs0 for single-engine aircraft and many
light twins is 61 kts. (remember Stuff Out)
(based from EVERYTHING EXPLAINED FOR THE PROFESSIONAL PILOT By Richie Lengel)
 Lowest Safe Altitude
In aviation (particularly in air navigation),
lowest safe altitude (LSALT) is an altitude that is
at least 500 feet above any obstacle or terrain
within a defined safety buffer region around a
particular route that a pilot might fly.

(based from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowest_safe_altitude)

Positive Rate of Climb
Pattern Leg
 Vr
Rotation Speed. Recommended speed to
start applying back-pressure on the yoke,
rotating the nose so that ideally the aircraft lifts
off the ground at VLof.

(based from EVERYTHING EXPLAINED FOR THE PROFESSIONAL PILOT By Richie Lengel)
 Vr

Vr = VS0 x 1,15
 Vr
Vr = VS0 x 1,15

VS0 = 48 kts.
= 48 x 1,15
= 55 kts.
Circuit Pattern Diagram

LSALT
Vr = 55 kts. 500ft.
 How Can I Calculate
Maximum Rate of Climb ?
 How Can I Calculate
Maximum Rate of Climb ?
Standard Rate Turn
 ANGLE of BANK for a
STANDARD RATE TURN

10% of the TAS + 10% of the TAS

2
 ANGLE of BANK for a
STANDARD RATE TURN
10% of the TAS + 10% of the TAS
2
VY = 74 kts.
= 10% x 74 + 10% x 74
2
= 7,4 + 3,7
= 11o
 DIAMETER of a
STANDARD RATE TURN

1% of the airspeed
 DIAMETER of a
STANDARD RATE TURN
1% of the airspeed

V = 74 kts.
Y

= 1% x 74
= 0,7 NM.
Circuit Pattern Diagram

Bank Angle
11o

Diameter
0,7 NM.

LSALT
Vr = 55 kts. 500ft.
Wind Correction Angle (WCA)

Wind
Velocity
WCAMAX = NM per Minute
 Wind Correction Angle (WCA)
for the actual forecast wind direction

WCAMAX x sine of the wind angle

Groundspeed Loss Due to Crabbing

TAS (cosine WCA x TAS)

Circuit Pattern Diagram

Bank Angle
11o

Diameter
0,7 NM.

LSALT
Vr = 55 kts. 500ft.
PYTHAGORAS

45o
2
1

45o 90o
1
Circuit Pattern Diagram

Range Bank Angle

0,7 NM. 11o

45o 90o

Diameter Diameter
0,7 NM. 0,7 NM.
45o

LSALT
Vr = 55 kts. 500ft.
 Distance to Time
VC = 90 kts.
= 90 60
= 1,5 NM/min.
= 0,025 NM/sec.

Range = 0,7 NM.

= 0,7 0,025
= 28 sec.
Circuit Pattern Diagram
Range
0,7 NM. Bank Angle
28 sec. 11o

45o 90o

Diameter Diameter
0,7 NM. 0,7 NM.
45o

LSALT
Vr = 55 kts. 500ft.
 VRef
Calculated Reference speed for final
approach final approach speed. Ussually 1,3
times VS0 or higher. SMALL PLANE bottom of
white arc +30%.

(based from EVERYTHING EXPLAINED FOR THE PROFESSIONAL PILOT By Richie Lengel)
 VRef

VS0 x 1,3
 VRef

VS0 x 1,3

VS0 = 48 kts
= 48 x 1,3
= 63 kts.
 Landing (Small Aircraft)

Gusting Conditions

Add 5 to 10 kts. to VRef on final approach

 Landing (Small Aircraft)
Gusting Conditions
Add 5 to 10 kts. to VRef on final approach

VRef = 65 kts.
= 65 + 5 = 65 + 10
= 70 kts. (Final Leg) = 75 kts. (Base Leg)
 Circuit Pattern Diagram
Range
0,7 NM. Bank Angle
28 sec. 11o
VBase Leg = 75 kts.

45o 90o

Diameter Diameter
0,7 NM. 0,7 NM.
45o

LSALT
VFinal Leg = 70 kts. Vr = 55 kts. 500ft.
 3o Rate of Descent from the
Visual Descent Point to Landing

Ground speed x 5
 3o Rate of Descent from the
Visual Descent Point to Landing

Ground speed x 5
VBase Leg = 75 kts. VFinal Leg = 70 kts.
= 75 x 5 = 70 x 5
= 375ft/min. = 350ft/min.
 Circuit Pattern Diagram
Range
VBase Leg = 75 kts. 0,7 NM. Bank Angle
Rate of Descent 28 sec. 11o
375ft/min.

45o 90o

Diameter Diameter
0,7 NM. 0,7 NM.
45o

VFinal Leg = 70 kts.

LSALT
Rate of Descent
Vr = 55 kts. 500ft.
350ft/min.
 ??? ??? ???
VS0 = 70 kts.
Base Leg Speed? Base Leg Rate of Descent?

Final Leg Speed? Final Leg Rate of Descent?

 Formulas
VS0 x 1,15 10% of the TAS + 10% of the TAS
Wind Velocity 2
WCAMAX = NM per Minute 1% of the airspeed
WCAMAX x sine of the wind angle
45o
TAS (cosine WCA x TAS) 1
2
Add 5 to 10 kts. to VRef on final approach o
45 90o
VS0 x 1,3 Ground speed x 5 1
 ??? ??? ???
VS0 = 70 kts.
Base Leg Speed? Base Leg Rate of Descent?
101 kts. 505ft/min.

Final Leg Speed? Final Leg Rate of Descent?

96 kts. 480ft/min.