Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Truth/ answer
Science Dilemma Applied
Biology, - Environment
chemistry, - Human
physics, health
astronomy, - Society
medical, etc. psychology, - International
philosophy, policy
Technology environmental
science, economics
Bioethics
and Choices.
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What is Ethics ?
What is Bioethics ?
Lebih kurang sama dengan tata- Lebih kurang sama dengan moral
krama/ sopan santun
Menyangkut cara (manner) suatu Menyangkut hal apakah suatu
perbuatan harus dilakukan manusia perbuatan boleh dilakukan/ tidak
Hanya berlaku dalam pergaulan; bila Etika tetap berlaku walau tidak ada
tidak ada orang lain/ tidak ada saksi saksi mata, tidak tergantung pada
maka etiket bisa saja tidak hadir tidaknya orang lain dan
difungsikan berawal dari dalam diri
Bersifat relatif; yang dianggap tidak Bersifat absolut
sopan di suatu komunitas bisa jadi
sopan di komunitas lain
Manusia memandang dirinya dari Manusia memandang dirinya secara
aspek lahiriahnya saja lebih mendalam
...ethics is the study of morality
careful and systematic reflection
on and analysis of moral
decisions and behaviour
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1 Ajaran
Ajaran Ajaran tentang bagaimana manusia harus
hidup dan bertindak menjadi manusia yang
Moral baik
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5 Asas2
Ajaran Asas-asas yang diturunkan dari teori-teori
etika sebagai kaidah-kaidah dasar moral
Moral
etika bagi manusia
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KLASIK KONTEMPORER
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1. Deontology = non-consequencialist.
2. Justice
distributing benefits, risks, & costs fairly
3. Beneficence
providing & balancing benefits against risks &
costs
4. Nonmaleficence
avoiding the causation of harm
Autonomy: Respect for an individuals
autonomy or ability to make decisions for
him/herself
includes respect for their privacy and
confidentiality
need to provide sufficient information for
them to make informed choices
truth telling
protection of persons with diminished or
The Principles impaired autonomy.
of medical
ethics:
Autonomy
Beneficence: This refers to the
tradition of acting always in the
patients best interest to maximise
benefits and minimise harm.
Non-malfeasance: This principle
ensures that treatment or research
ought not to produce harm
The Principles Negligence
of medical
ethics: Misconduct
Do good
Do no harm
Justice: This refers to the need to treat
all people equally and fairly
Society uses a variety of factors as a
criteria for distributive justice, including
the following:
to each person an equal share
to each person according to need
to each person according to effort
to each person according to contribution
The Principles
of medical to each person according to merit
ethics:
to each person according to free-market
Distributive
justice exchanges
Beneficence
(Do Good) Rule DeontologicalismJustice
Negative Conseqentialism
Consequentialism; (Human Rights
Principles
Categorical
Imperative Do Fair
Utilitarian
Hedonism Advocacy)
(Bureaucracy, Procedure)
(Charity, Triage) Ideal
Etical
Action Self
Ethical Egoism Determinatio
(Empowerment) n
(Individual
Rights
Principles)
Virtue Ethics
(Individualis Autonomy
Hippocratic Oath) Self Rule
Most aid today is strictly beneficent, using a
utilitarian ethos
Triage= Egalitarian or Utilitarian
Egalitarian - first-come, first-serve basis
treatment restricted to the easily treated
group by queuing or by random selection
Utilitarian (reverse) triage - pre-prioritize
individuals according to:
immediate community contribution; need for
urgent, non-urgent, or palliative care
Geneva Conventions and Protocols: casualties
shall be treatedwithout any adverse
distinctiononly urgent medical reasons will
authorise priority in the order of treatment.
Often ignores principles of autonomy, justice
lacks the status of a universal moral obligation,
and leads to an impersonal view of the valuing
of life.
life-saving decisions involve medical, social,
economic, and political criteria, and thus
perpetuates existing injustices.
Incompatible with the liberal political
philosophy of liberty and justice for all
Corruption of local officials
Poor preparedness, early warning,
and hazard reduction
Funding delays, inequity in
distribution
Inappropriate distribution of
care
Disorganized chaotic response
Most Western aid
countries highly
individualistic
Communal
culture provided
support
mechanisms for
survivors
Need for outsides
with respect for
collectivist values
Recognize local leadership
Consultation of locals
Allow self-identification of needs
Promote self-direction of
programs
Deklarasi Universal tentang Hak-hak Asasi Manusia
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