ANALYSIS OF FORCE SYSTEMS

TWO DIMENSIONAL

Sir Maveric Enriquez

Mapua Institute of Technology
2nd Term, AY 2017-2018
QUIZ # 0
QUIZ # 0.

The screw eye is subjected to two
forces F1 and F2.
Determine the magnitude and the
direction of a resultant force.

VARIABLES:
STUDENT # 2009107ABC
F1= (A+B) X 50
F2 = (B+C) X 50
= (A+1) X 2
= (B+1) X 2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students are
expected to :
Determine the resultant of various force systems
Identify techniques in solving force systems
Determine moment of force systems
RESULTANT OF A FORCE
Resultant of a Force.
A single force that is equivalent to a given system
of forces on a rigid body.

Equilibrant force
A single force that is equivalent to a given system of
forces on a rigid body with opposite direction.
A single force when added to the given system of forces
that would result to equilibrium.
RESULTANT OF A FORCE
Coplanar Force Systems
1. Concurrent Force System
a. Two Force System
a. Parallelogram Method
b. Triangle Method
c. Component Method
b. Multiple Force System
2. Parallel Force System
3. Non Concurrent Force System
SCALARS AND VECTORS
Scalar
A quantity characterized by a positive or
negative number
Indicated by letters in italic such as A
Eg: Mass, volume and length
SCALARS AND VECTORS
Vector
A quantity that has both magnitude and direction
Eg: Position, force and moment
Represent by a letter with an arrow over it such as
or A

Magnitude is designated as A or simply A
Vector is presented as A and its

magnitude (positive quantity) as A A
SCALARS AND VECTORS
Vector
Represented graphically as an arrow
Length of arrow = Magnitude of Vector
Angle between the reference axis and arrows line of action =
Direction of Vector
Arrowhead = Sense of Vector
SCALARS AND VECTORS
Vector Addition
- Addition of two vectors A and B gives a
resultant vector R by the parallelogram law
- Result R can be found by triangle construction
- Communicative
Eg: R = A + B = B + A
PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
Parallelogram law states that the resultant of
two forces is the diagonal of the parallelogram
formed on the vectors of these forces

F1 R

F2
TRIANGLE METHOD
The triangle law is sometime called the tip-to-tail
addition.
If two vectors are represented as arrows (in scale), then
their sum or resultant vector is given as a vector running
from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the second
after the second vector is positioned with its tail at the
tip of the first. This is the tip-to-tail addition
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
EXAMPLE # 1.

The screw eye is subjected to two
forces F1 and F2.
Determine the magnitude and the
direction of a resultant force.

VARIABLES:
STUDENT # 2009107ABC
F1= (A+B) X 50
F2 = (B+C) X 50
= (A+1) X 10
= (B+1) X 10
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 2.
Two forces are applied to the
construction bracket as shown.
Determine the angle which makes
the resultant of the two forces
vertical. Determine the
magnitude R of the resultant.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 3.
1. If the resultant force of the two tugboats
is 3 kN, directed along the positive x axis,
determine the required magnitude of
force FB and its direction .
2. If FB = 3 kN and = 45 , determine the
magnitude of the resultant force of the
two tugboats and its direction measured
clockwise from the positive x axis.
3. If the resultant force of the two tugboats
is required to be directed towards the
positive x axis, and FB is to be a
minimum, determine the magnitude of
FR and FB and the angle .
SCALARS AND VECTORS
For resultant of two or
more forces:
Find the components of
the forces in the
specified axes
Add them algebraically
Form the resultant
COMPONENT METHOD
The rectangular components of a single force F in terms
of the force and the angle x at which it is inclined with
the X axis are expressed by
Y

F
FX F cos X
Fy

x
X
FY F sin X
Fx

The resultant of the forces can be computes as:

F F
X
2
FY
2

tan X
F Y

F X
SCALARS AND VECTORS
Coplanar Force Resultants
Vector resultant is therefore
FR = F1 + F2 + F3
= F1xi + F1yj - F2xi + F2yj + F3xi F3yj
= (F1x - F2x + F3x)i + (F1y + F2y F3y)j
= (FRx)i + (FRy)j
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 4.
The forces F1, F2, and F3, all of which
act on point A of the bracket, are
specified in three different ways.
Determine the x and y scalar
components of each of the three
forces.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 5.
If the magnitude of the resultant
force acting on the bracket is
to be 450 N directed along the
positive u axis, determine the
magnitude of F1 and its
direction angle.
MOMENT OF A FORCE
The moment of a force about a point is equal to the
product of the magnitude of the force and the
perpendicular distance between its line of action and
the point (called the moment center) about which the
moment is taken.

The distance d is frequently called the moment arm of

the force.
The unit of moment are pound-feet (lb-ft), Newton
meter (Nm), pound-inches (ln-in.), gram-centimeters
(gram-cm), ton-feet (ton-ft), etc.
MOMENT OF A FORCE
In General
Consider the force F and the point O which lies in the
shaded plane
The moment MO about point O,
or about an axis passing
through O and perpendicular
to the plane, is a vector quantity
Moment MO has its specified
magnitude and direction
MOMENT OF A FORCE
Magnitude
For magnitude of MO,
MO = Fd
where d = moment arm or perpendicular
distance from the axis at point O to its line of
action of the force

Units for moment is N.m

MOMENT OF A FORCE
Direction
Direction of MO is specified by
using right hand rule
- fingers of the right hand are
curled to follow the sense of
rotation when force rotates
about point O
MOMENT OF A FORCE
Direction
- Thumb points along the
moment axis to give the
direction and sense of the
moment vector
- Moment vector is upwards
and perpendicular to the
shaded plane
MOMENT OF A FORCE
Direction
Arrowhead shows the sense of
rotation caused by F
Using the right hand rule, the
direction and sense of the
moment vector points out of the
page
In 2D problems, moment of the
force is found about a point O
VARIGNONS THEOREM
The Varignons theorem states that the moment of a
force about a point is equal to the sum of the moments
of its components about that point. The following are
equivalent
Y
MO = F d = FX y FY x FY F
MO = FX iY x
MO = FY iX FY
A FX

B
FX y

FY iY
d
FX X
C
O
iX
 RESULTANT OF PARALLEL FORCES
The resultant of a parallel force system is the
algebraic sum of the force composing the
system. The position of the resultant is
determined from the condition that the moment
of the resultant is equal to the moment sum of
its parts. These principles are expressed by the
relation

R=F
Rd=M
NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM
The components of the resultant must therefore equal
to component effects of the given force system. This
may be expressed by the following equations:
RX = FX
RY = FY
Moment of R = R d = M

The magnitude and inclination of the resultant are given by:

R R X RY ( FX )2 ( FY )2
2 2

RX FY
tan X
RY FX
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 6.
The force F acts at the end of the angle
bracket. Determine the moment of the force
about point O.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Solution
Method 1
MO = 400sin30N(0.2m)-400cos30N(0.4m)
= -98.6N.m
= 98.6N.m (CCW)
As a Cartesian vector,
MO = {-98.6k}N.m
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Solution
Method 2:
Express as Cartesian vector
r = {0.4i 0.2j}N
F = {400sin30i 400cos30j}N
= {200.0i 346.4j}N
For moment,
i j k

M O r XF 0.4 0.2 0
200.0 346.4 0

98.6k N .m
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 7.
A force of 800 N acts on a
bracket as shown. Determine
the moment of the force
about B.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 8.
A 30-lb force acts on the end of
the 3-ft lever as shown.
Determine the moment of the
force about O.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 9.
A foot valve for a pneumatic system is hinged at B. Alpha = 28
a. determine the moment of the 16-N force about point B by resolving
the force into horizontal and vertical components.
b. determine the moment of the 16-N force about point B by resolving
the force into components along ABC and in a direction
perpendicular to ABC .
COUPLE
Couple
- two parallel forces
- same magnitude but opposite
direction
- separated by perpendicular distance d
Resultant force = 0
Tendency to rotate in specified
direction
Couple moment = sum of
moments of both couple
forces about any arbitrary point
COUPLE
Two forces that are (a) equal in magnitude, (b)
oppositely directed and (c) do not have the same line of
action, are called a couple.
The moment of a couple can be computed as:
C=Fd

F
d
A
a B
F
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 10.
1. Replace the force and couple system by an equivalent force and
couple moment at point O .
2. Replace the force and couple system by an equivalent force and
couple moment at point P .
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 11.
Replace the force and couple system acting on the member by an
equivalent resultant force and couple moment acting at point O.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 12.
The ends of the triangular plate are subjected to three
couples. Determine the plate dimension so that the
resultant couple is 350 Nm clockwise.
COUPLE
Consider a rigid body
Since O does not lies on the line of
action, an equivalent effect is produced if
the forces are moved to point O and the
corresponding moments are
M1 = r1 X F1 and M2 = r2 X F2
For resultant forces and moments,
FR = F1 + F2 and MR = M1 + M2
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 14.
Determine the resultant
couple moment of the
three couples acting
on the plate.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 15.
Determine the couple moment acting on the
beam.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 16.
Replace the forces acting
on the brace by an
equivalent resultant
force and couple
moment acting at
point A.
COUPLE
Solution
Force Summation
For x and y components of resultant force,
FRx Fx ;
FRx 100 N 400 cos 45 N
382.8 N 382.8 N
FRy Fy ;
FRy 600 N 400 sin 45 N
882.8 N 882.8 N
COUPLE
Solution
For magnitude of resultant force
FR ( FRx ) 2 ( FRy ) 2 (382.8) 2 (882.8) 2
962 N
For direction of resultant force
FRy
tan 1
882.8
tan
1

FRx 382.8
66.6
COUPLE
Solution
Moment Summation
Summation of moments about point A,
M RA M A ;
M RA 100 N (0) 600 N (0.4m) (400 sin 45 N )(0.8m)
(400 cos 45 N )(0.3m)
551N .m 551N .m(CW )

When MRA and FR act on point A,

they will produce the same
external effect or reactions at the support
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 17.
For each case, determine the moment of the
force about point O
COUPLE
Solution
Line of action is extended as a dashed line to establish
moment arm d
Tendency to rotate is indicated and the orbit is shown
as a colored curl
(a) M o (100 N )( 2m) 200 N .m(CW )
(b) M o (50 N )(0.75m) 37.5 N .m(CW )
COUPLE
Solution
(c) M o (40 N )( 4m 2 cos 30 m) 229 N .m(CW )
(d ) M o (60 N )(1sin 45 m) 42.4 N .m(CCW )
(e) M o (7kN )( 4m 1m) 21.0kN.m(CCW )
EXAMPLE PROBLEM : RESULTANTS
Example 18.
Determine the moments of
the 800N force acting on the
frame about points A, B, C
and D.
COUPLE
Solution
Scalar Analysis
M A (800 N )( 2.5m) 2000 N .m(CW )
M B (800 N )(1.5m) 1200 N .m(CW )
M C (800 N )(0m) 0kN.m
Line of action of F passes through C
M D (800 N )(0.5m) 400 N .m(CCW )
SEATWORK 1
If u = 60 and F = 20 kN, determine the magnitude of
the resultant force and its direction measured
clockwise from the positive x axis.
SEATWORK 2
Determine the moment about point B of each of the
three forces acting on the beam. Determine from point
A where the resultant force is located
SEATWORK 3
Determine the resultant R of the three forces acting on
the simple truss. Specify the points on the x and y axes
through which R must pass.
300
20 kN
25 kN

Y 5
m
3m 6m 3m X
O

30 kN
BONUS FOR QUIZ 1
The Howe roof truss shown carries the given loads. The
wind loads are perpendicular to the inclined members.
Determine the magnitude of the resultant, its
inclination with the horizontal, and where it intersects
AB.
1250 lb

2500 lb

1250 lb
2250 lb
10
B
A
10 10 10 10

3250 lb 2250 lb 1250 lb

BONUS FOR QUIZ 1
Determine the resultant of the three forces acting on
the dam shown and locate its intersection with the base
AB. For good design, this intersection should occur
within the middle third of the base

P = 10,000 lb W=24,000 lb F = 6000 lb

6 4
600

A 18 B