Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
OF AMINO ACIDS
Muntholib
Department of Chemistry
State University of Malang
BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS
•Biosynthesis of the 20 common amino acids
is considered from the origins and fates of
their:
(1) Nitrogen atoms
(2) Carbon skeletons
•For mammals:
Essential amino acids must be obtained
from diet
Nonessential amino acids - can be
synthesized
The Nitrogen Cycle and Nitrogen Fixation
Arg~ Thr*
Lys*
Ile*
Sequentialfeedback inhibition
Enzyme multiplicity
Concerted feedback inhibition
Cumulative feedback inhibition
Several enzyme cofactors play important
roles in amino acid metabolism
One carbon transfer is very important
◦ Biotin
◦ Tetrahydrofolate
◦ S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)
Some enzyme cofactors in C-transfer
reactions
Biotin
Tetrahydrofolate carries activated 1-C units at several
oxidation levels
SAM is more commonly used for CH transfer
3
Cys is made from Ser and HomoCys
Sulfurcomes from homoCys
The C skeleton comes from Ser
High homocysteine levels are associated with
vascular diseases
Coronary heart disease
Arteriosclerosis
The molecular basis ???
Perhaps:damage to cells lining blood vessels and
increase the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells
Amino acids are precursors of many
biomolecules
Glutathione (GSH)
Nitric oxide (NO)
GSH serves as a buffer and antioxidant
Protects cells from oxidative damage
Presents at high levels (5 mM)
It cycles between a reduced form (GSH) and an oxidized
form (GSSG)
GSSG is reduced to GSH by GSH reductase
The ratio of GSH/GSSG------>500
GSH plays a key role in detoxification by reacting with
hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides.
Glutathione peroxidase is remarkable in having a modified
amino acid containing Se.
2GSH + ROOH------> GSSG + H2O + ROH
Nitric oxide is formed from Arg
NO is an important messenger
It is made by NO synthase
NADPH and Oxygen are required
Amino acids are converted to specialized
products