Resistance In Fluid Systems

Principles of Technology

All content was received from Physics In Context

Drag
When one solid object slides Examples
against another, a force of
friction opposes the motion
Boat moves through water

When a solid object moves

through a fluid, there is also a
force that opposes the
motion.
Airplane moves through air
You can feel drag when you
stand in high wind

Or when you put your hand

out the window of a moving
car
Laminar & Turbulent Flow
The Drag exerted on an object by
fluid depends on many
factors
Speed of the object (or fluid)
Size and shape of the object
Physical properties of the fluid
These factors make it difficult to
calculate drag exactly.
You can Approximate
Simplest approximation is to
ignore drag forces when they are
small
Example:
Ignore drag for an object moving
slowly in fluids such as air or
water
Although very slow speeds
produce significant drag in
fluids such as motor oil
Laminar & Turbulent Flow continued..
When drag forces cant be ignored, you can make two
approximations about the fluid the flow can be
Laminar or Turbulent. Streamline

Laminar (streamlined flow)

is a slow, smooth flow
over a surface, in which the Increasing
Speed
paths of individual particles do
not cross
Fluid speed at
surface is zero

Frictional Drag: Drag is produced by friction between layers of fluid

Laminar & Turbulent Flow continued..
Turbulence produces the
Turbulent Flow
visible wake behind a
Is irregular flow with moving boat and an
eddies and whorls invisible wake behind a
causing fluid to move moving plane or car.
different directions
Turbulence is produced
by high speeds, by shapes
that are not streamlined,
and by sharp bends in
the path of a fluid
Laminar & Turbulent Flow continued..
Changing the direction of the fluid into eddies and
whorls requires work.
When Fluid does work, the pressure drops.
Thus, the fluid pressure in the wake is less than the
fluid pressure in the streamlined flow.

Pressure Drag: This pressure difference

causes a force to act on the object in the
direction opposite its relative velocity.
Frictional & Pressure Drag
Frictional drag and pressure
drag both increase as speed
increases
Low speeds, the drag forces on
the car is frictional drag
The force increases linearly
with speed
(Doubling speed = Doubling frictional force)
Higher speeds, turbulence and
pressure drag are more and
more important.
This force increases as the
square of the speed The drag force on a car
increases as the cars
Doubling the speed increases speed increases
the pressure drag by a factor
of four
Viscosity
Friction between two Example
solid surfaces cause a
resistance to movement
Bubble gum has a high
between the surfaces
viscosities
Viscosity is the property
of a fluid that has
internal friction Air & water have a much
lower viscosities
We use the Greek letter
(eta) to represent
viscosity
Viscosity continued..
The fluid in contact with the
Top plate is pulled to the
top plate moves with the plate right at a constant speed v
at speed v, and the fluid in
contact with the bottom plate
remains motionless.
The speed of the fluid
between the top and bottom
varies linearly.
The top plate drags layers of
fluid with it.
The force F is required to
Layer of fluid Bottom plate
overcome the resistance and of thickness held in place
keep the plate moving at
constant speed The viscosity of a fluid can be
measured by pulling a plate at constant
speed across a layer of the fluid.
 Viscosity continued..
When the plate moves to the
right at constant speed, no net
force is acting on the plate.
Therefore, the fluid exerts a
force of friction, or drag force F
drag on the plate to the left,
opposing motion. The
magnitude of the drag force
equals F.
As long as the plate speed v
is not so large that
turbulence occurs, the fluid
flow between the plates is
laminar.
The force F required to
maintain a constant speed
for most fluids in laminar
flow is found to be:
Proportional to A and v,
and
Inversely proportional to
the thickness of the fluid
layer,
Viscosity continued..
The proportionality constant is the viscosity of the
fluid.

Viscosity has units of (pressure) (time).

The SI units for viscosity are or

The English units are or

Viscosities of Common Fluids
Viscosity of most liquids
decreases as temperature
increases.
Viscosity of most gases
increase with
temperature

Example:
Cold honey is thick with
a high viscosity
Hot honey is watery with
a low viscosity Pg. 188 Chapter 4
Motor Oil Viscosity
SAE Society of
Automotive Engineers

10W The viscosity of

the oil when measured at
0 degrees F (the W
means winter grade)

30 The viscosity of the

oil when measured at 212
degrees F.
 Motor Oil Viscosity continued..

These oils were chilled to -35 degrees C

for 16 hours. The photo was taken 30 SAE Viscosity recommendations for
seconds after the caps were removed various climates
from the containers.
Viscosity Cool Science Trick

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4zd4Qpsbs8
Stokes Law
IN 1845, the Irish
mathematician and physicist
George Stokes used viscosity
and the equations of fluid
flow to predict the drag force
on a sphere moving through a
fluid.
It applies to objects moving at
low enough speeds that the
flow of fluids around the
objects is streamlined, or
laminar.
In these cases, there is no
turbulence and the only drag
force on the objects is due to
frictional drag.
Stokes Law continued..
The drag force acts in the
direction opposite the
objects velocity (it
opposes motion).
The drag force equals the
product of a constant (6
for a sphere), the radius r
of the object, the speed v
of the object (or the
relative speed between
the object and fluid), and
the fluids viscosity :
Terminal Speed
When an object moves through a fluid, the drag force
on the object increases as the speed increases.
Drop a baseball from a high tower
at first it has a low speed and a low
drag
The force of gravity acting
downward is greater then the drag
force acting upward.
Therefore, a net force acts
downward on the baseball and it
accelerates downward.
As the speed increases the drag
increases, until the upward drag = The terminal speed of a falling object
is the constant speed that occurs
the weight.
when the drag force equals the
At this point the forces are balanced gravitational force.
and no longer accelerates.
 Terminal Speed continued..
The terminal speed of a baseball is about 40 m/s, but the
terminal speed of a basketball is only about 20 m/s.
Which ball has a greater drag force at any given speed?
Skydiver VS. Peregrine Falcon

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ukf2vntU44
 Poiseuilles Law
Poiseuilles law gives the
volume flow rate of a
fluid flowing through a
tube or pipe.

Like Stokes law,

Poiseuilles law applies to
laminar flow.
Layers nearer
the wall move
more slowly
Fluid in contact
The fluid layer with the wall
at the center does not move
moves the
fastest
Poiseuilles Law continued..
Jean Louis Poiseuille was a
physician who was also
trained as a physicist and
mathematician.
In the mid 1840s, he
experimented with water
flowing through glass
capillary tubes as a simulation
of blood flowing through
small blood vessels.
Poiseuille learned that the rate
at which fluid flows through a
tube increases proportionately
to the pressure applied and to
the fourth power of the radius
of the tube
Poiseuilles Law continued..
Poiseuilles law the volume flow rate of a
fluid of viscosity through a tube or pipe of radius r
and length L is:

The internal friction of the fluid causes the pressure to

decrease as the fluid flows.

= the change in
pressure of the
fluid as it flows Is negative
the length L therefore V is
positive
Factors Affecting Flow Through a Pipe

Resistance decreases the flow rate V of fluid through a

pipe

Poiseuilles law shows this resistance depends on three

factors:
1. The radius of the pipe
2. The length of the pipe
3. The viscosity of the fluid
Factors Affecting Flow Through a Pipe
continued

The 3 factors of resistance can be illustrated using

graphs of volume flow rate versus pressure drop.
Fluid resistance = R as the ratio of the prime mover to
the volume flow rate.
The prime mover in fluid systems as pressure change,
or pressure drop.
Pressure drop is
is negative, so pressure drop and fluid resistance are
positive.
Factors Affecting Flow Through a Pipe
Dependence on Radius

Fluid resistance
decreases as pipe
radius and cross-
section area
increase
Larger pipe =
greater volume of
fluid per second
Larger pipe also has
a lower resistance
to flow
Factors Affecting Flow Through a Pipe
Dependence on Length
Longer pipes have
higher fluid
resistance

If the length of the

pipe is doubled the
resistance is
doubled and the
volume flow is
Volume flow rate is inversely proportional to halved.
length
Factors Affecting Flow Through a Pipe
Dependence on Radius

Volume flow rate is

inversely
proportional to
viscosity.

If you use a fluid

with half the
viscosity, you
double the volume
flow rate
Factors Affecting Flow Through a Pipe
continued

If the flow becomes turbulent, resistance increases

rapidly
Bends and Ts in a pipe or air duct cause turbulence.
When it is important to maintain laminar flow and
reduce resistance, designers use curves with radii as
large as possible rather than abrupt changes in the
path of a fluid
Factors Affecting Flow Through a Pipe
continued
Obstructions or
restrictions also cause
turbulence.
Example
The grill of a car is an
obstruction that causes
turbulence, affecting the
aerodynamic drag of an
automobile.
Filters in air ducts are
restrictions
In Class Work
Starting on page 196 in your text book

Get into groups of 3 -4 people

Work on the EVEN problems in groups

If you finish team up with another group and compare

answers

Show work
Homework
Finish EVEN problems

Move onto odd problems

Due: April 15, 2008

At the beginning of class
Problems 1-15 (show work)