Atomic Theory

&
Atomic Structure
Tro, Chapter 4 & 9
Sections 4.1 4.4, 4.8, 4.9; 9.2 9.9
 Document BIG IDEAS about:
Atomic structure
Electrons (mass, size, position)
Protons and neutrons (mass, position)
Isotopes
Changes in (MODERN) thought
Dalton
Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr
Quantum theory (CONTEMPORARY)
Early Atomic Theories
 Democritis
(400 BCE)
First to propose idea of atom
Atom = a + tomos = cannot be cut
Based solely on logic; not supported
by experiments
 Alchemy
(12-1500 CE)
Modern word chemistry came from
Arabic alkimiya
recognized importance of
experimentation
Responsible for developing lab
equipment & procedures still used
today
NOTE: Alchemy is a field, NOT a person
 Galileo
(~1600 CE)
Birth of modern science - combining
logic, experimenting, publishing
results
 Lavosier & Priestly
(1700s)
Quantitative
analysis of
chemicals

Law of Conservation of
Mass:
Matter can neither be
created nor destroyed
 Proust
(1700s)
Developed Law of Definite Proportions

Law of Definite Proportions:

Different samples of the same
compound always contain its
constituent elements in the same
proportions by mass
 Law of Definite Proportions
Copper carbonate always contains
5.3 parts copper
4 parts oxygen
1 part carbon
by mass
 Dalton
(1800s)
School teacher that proposed the first
modern-day idea of atoms

Law of Multiple Proportions:

If 2 elements combine to form more than one
compound, the masses of one element that
combine with a fixed mass of the other element
are in small whole # ratios
Law of Multiple Proportions
Daltons Atomic Theory - 1808
All matter is composed of atoms which
cannot be subdivided
Atoms of same element are identical (size,
mass, reactivity)
Atoms combine to form compounds in
simple, whole # ratios
Chemical reactions involve the separation,
combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it
does not result in their creation or
destruction
Modern Atomic
Theories
 General Principle #1
Electric Charges
+
positive negative

Objects with an equal amount of positive

and negative charge are said to be
electrically neutral
 General Principle #2
Forces between Charges
Objects with like charge repel
+ + + +
Objects with opposite charge attract

+ +
 Forces between Charges
Electrostatic force becomes greater
with more charge
Electrostatic force becomes smaller
the greater the distance between the
charges
Thomsons Atomic Model (1904)
 Cathode Ray Experiments
Any metal worked for
anode
Negative electric field
repelled beam
Object placed in path
of glow blocked beam
 J.J. Thomsons Contribution
Discovered the electron (1897)
Plum Pudding model
Determined the charge-to-mass ratio of
an electron using data from cathode
ray tube experiments
 Evidence & Conclusions
cathode rays consisted of subatomic
particles from atoms of anode
cathode rays are negatively charged
\ must also be positive charge
Millikan (oil drop experiment, 1909) calculated
electrons mass to be 9.11 x 10-31 kg
Modern View of Atomic Structure
Relative
Particle Symbol Mass (kg)
Charge

proton + p+ +1 1.6726 x 10-27

nucleons

neutron 0 n0 0 1.67510 x 10-27

electron e- -1 9.1096 x 10-31

Modern View of Atomic Structure
Relative Relative
Particle Mass (kg)
Charge mass (amu)

p+ + +1 1.6726 x 10-27 ~1

n0 0 0 1.67510 x 10-27 ~1

e- -1 9.1096 x 10-31 ~0
 Rutherfords Problems
How is nucleus held together?
Why dont electrons collapse into
nucleus?
H atom has 1 proton & He atom has 2
protons, \ mass ratio should be 2:1;
instead the ratio is 4:1
there must be another particle
The Gold Foil Experiment: Hypothesis
The -particles will
pass straight
through the atoms

What is an () alpha particle?

4
2 He
It is a positively charged Helium nucleus
Rutherfords Gold Foil Experiment
The Gold Foil Experiment: Outcome
Whats happening?
The Gold Foil Experiment: Conclusions
Atoms :
must be mostly space
must have a very
small, dense area of +
charge
Protons have same
charge as e-, but
almost 2000x more
mass!
 The Neutron
Discovered by James Chadwick in 1932.
Neutron is electrically neutral & has
slightly greater mass than a proton

Mystery solved.
Atomic theory timeline
 Updating Daltons Atomic Theory
3 major differences between modern atomic
theory & Daltons atomic theory:
Atoms are NOT indivisible they are made
up of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Atoms of the same element are NOT exactly
alike they can have different masses
(isotopes)
Atoms CAN be changed from one element to
another, but not by chemical reactions
(nuclear reactions)
Atomic Structure &
Isotopes
 Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
defined as a more convenient unit for
reporting mass of small numbers of
atoms
12C is used as the reference
1 amu is defined as exactly 1/12 of a
12C atom
 Getting Information from the
Periodic Table
Atomic # = # p+ in nucleus

6
C
Elemental symbol

12.0111 Atomic mass

(more on this later)
 Isotopic Notation
Atomic number (Z) = # of p+ in the nucleus
Mass number (A) = sum of # p+ & n0 in
nucleus
For a neutral atom, # e- = # p+
 Examples

1 4 12 16 63
1
H 2 He 6
C 8O 30
Zn

Mass number (A)

Atomic number (Z)

 Isotopes
All atoms in an element have the same
atomic number
However, 2 atoms of the same element
can have different mass numbers
called isotopes
Isotopes have:
Same # of p+
Different # of no
Some Common Isotopes

1 12 235
H 6
C 92 U
1

2 13 238
1H 6
C 92 U

3 14
1H 6
C
 Relative
Abundance
 Mass Spectrometry
Technique used to determine atomic
mass - e e-
e- collides with
atom, bounces Atom dissipates

+
off, but transfers excess energy by
some energy to it e- expelling an electron

Atom bombarded by stream of high energy electrons

 Mass Spectrometry, cont.
Ions are accelerated through a magnetic field
Amount of deflection depends on the ions mass
Highest mass deflected least
Lowest mass deflected most

N ++
+ +
+ +
+
+
S
Mass Spectrometry, cont.
Sample mass spec for chlorine

Relative abundance of each

isotope can be determined
from relative peak heights

Mass (amu) 35 37
 Relative Abundance & Atomic Mass
Relative isotopic abundance is then
used to calculate atomic mass
Atomic mass is the weighted average of
the mixture of isotopes
 Example
Calculate the atomic mass of Cl given the
relative abundances of its isotopes:
35Cl 75.77%
37Cl 24.23%
average atomic mass
= (atomic mass 35Cl)(fraction 35Cl) + (atomic
mass 37Cl)(fraction 37Cl)
= (34.968 amu)(0.7577) + (36.965
amu)(0.2423)
= 35.45 amu
 Practice
Copper, a metal known since ancient times, is
used in electrical cables & pennies, among
other things. The atomic masses of its 2 stable
isotopes, 63Cu (69.09%) and 65Cu (30.91%) are
62.93 amu and 64.9278 amu, respectively.
Calculate the average atomic mass of copper
the relative abundances of each ion is given in
parentheses.
Answer: 63.54 amu
The Bohr Model
Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Light

c = lu

c = speed of light (3.0 x 108 m)

l = wavelength
u = frequency
Frequency vs. Wavelength
 Light

c = lu
Energy as frequency
Energy as wavelength
Light behaves like a particle (photon)
as well as a wave
 Emission Spectrums
When electricity is run through a
sample of hydrogen gas, hydrogen
atoms gain energy
H atoms loose that energy by emitting
photons
Resulting spectrum is discontinuous
continuous

discontinuous
Whats happening?
 Bohr Model
Electrons move in
circular orbits around
the nucleus
Only certain energy
levels are permitted
(this explains the
discrete lines for the
emission spectrum of
hydrogen)
 Schroedinger/Heisenburg
Experiments used mathematics
(probability) to predict behavior of
electrons
Schroedinger equation approximated the
probability of finding a single electron
for H within a region close to the nucleus
Heisenburg [Uncertainty Principle]
reinforces the idea that we just dont
know!
Math in Context: Blackbody
Experiments