Maxwell Equation

Maxwell equations are compilation

of basic laws of electromagnetics.
These basic laws are Gauss law, the
Amperes circuital law and the
Faradays law.
These equations describes the world
of electromagnetics.
Some of these laws were directly
used and some were modified by James clerk Maxwell
Maxwell while compiling the (scottish physicist)
equations.
 Maxwells Equations
Basic Law Mathematical Representation

Gauss Law for Electrostatics

D dS q
s

Gauss Law for Magnetism

B dS 0
s

Faradays Law of Induction

d B
E dl dt

Modified Amperes circuital D

Law H dl s( J t ) dS
 Maxwell 1st Equation
Gausss Law for electrostatics
Gausss law states that the total electric flux through any closed
surface surrounding charges is equal to the total charges enclosed.

D dS q
s
(integral form of gauss law)

D dS dv
s V
From Divergence theorem,

Ddv dv
V
V

D
This is the differential form of Gauss law, also called point form
 Maxwells 2nd Equation
Gauss Law for magneto statics

The total magnetic flux coming out of a closed surface is equal to the
total magnetic charge(poles) inside the surface.
However, magnetic poles always found in pairs.
So, mathematically,

B dS 0
s
(integral form)

By divergence theorem,
Bdv 0
V

B 0
This is the differential form of gauss law of magneto
statics or also called point form.
 Maxwell 3rd Equation
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Biot savart law tells us that the magnetic field is produced by a current.
Whether the reverse is true i.e. whether the magnetic field would produce
electricity.
Faradays experiments demonstrated that the static magnetic field produce no
current but a time varying magnetic field produce a E.M.F. in a close loop causes a
current to flow.
According to Faradays law, the net electromotive force (EMF) in a close loop is

equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux ( ( )enclosed by the loop.
B

Mathematically,
EMF= E dl d B
dt
The negative sign is due to the Lenzs law.
If the loop has magnetic field density B, the total
flux enclosed by the loop is,
B
B dS
s
 Maxwells 3rd Equation cont

l E dl t B da
a

E dl
l
a
t
B da

From stokes theorem,

( E) da
a a
t
B da

B
E
t
So rate of change of magnetic field
H
E Results electric field
t

This is the Faradays law of electromagnetic induction in differential

form or point form
 Maxwell 4th Equation

Amperes circuital Law

It states that the total magnetic field intensity along the closed loop is equal to
the net current enclosed by the loop.
So, mathematically

H dl I
l

H dl J da
l
a

From stokes theorem,

( H ) da J da
a a

H J
This is the differential form of Amperes circuit law or point form
 Maxwell 4th Equation cont
Taking divergence of the Amperes Law of differential form
We get,

( H ) J

J 0

But, from continuity equation So, Amperes Law is not consistent with

J continuity equation
t
Consider a closed surface having a volume
charge density . If some charges are
leaving the volume , as a result there is a
current flow from the volume. If the current
density on the surface of the volume is J. Closed surface having volume charge
density
 Maxwell 4th Equation cont

Rate of
The net outward current = aJ da t vdv decrease of
charges
Applying divergence theorem,

v( J )dv t dv J 0
v
t
D
( J ) 0 ( from gauss law)
t D
D
So, in amperes law if we regard J
t as the total current enclosed by the
loop law becomes consistent with the continuity equation.
And the term D is called the displacement current density
t
 Maxwell 4th Equation cont
Maxwell 4th Equation becomes

D
H J Differential form or point
t form

H dl ( J
s

D
t
) dS
Integral form

Conduction displacement current
current density(due to time
density varying electric field)

E So rate of change of electric field

H J
t Results magnetic field

This equation tells that magnetic field exists even in non conducting medium
if electric field is varying with respect to time.