LIPID

BAG. BIOKIMIA
FK UISU
 Normal Chemical Composition
for a Man weighing 65 kg.

Kg Percent
Protein 11 17.0
Fat/Lemak 9 13.8
Karbohydrat 1 1.5
Air 40 61.6
Mineral 4 6.1
 Definition:
- Lipids are organic compounds formed
mainly from alcohol and fatty acids combined
together by ester linkage.

O
H2O O
R CH2 OH HO C R R CH2 O C R
+
Fatty alcohol Fatty acid Esterase (lipase) ester (lipid)
 - Lipids are insoluble in water, but
soluble in fat or organic solvents (ether,
chloroform, benzene, acetone).
- Lipids include fats, oils, waxes and
related compounds.
They are widely distributed in nature
both in plants and in animals.
Biological Importance of Lipids:
1. They are more palatable and storable to unlimited amount
compared to carbohydrates.
2. They have a high-energy value (25% of body needs) and
they provide more energy per gram than carbohydrates and
proteins but carbohydrates are the preferable source of
energy.
3. Supply the essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesized
by the body.
4. Supply the body with fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K).
5. They are important constituents of the nervous system.
6. Tissue fat is an essential constituent of cell membrane and
nervous system. It is mainly phospholipids in nature that
are not affected by starvation.
7-Stored lipids depot fat is stored in all human cells acts as:
A store of energy.
A pad for the internal organs to protect them from outside
shocks.
A subcutaneous thermal insulator against loss of body
heat.
8-Lipoproteins, which are complex of lipids and proteins, are
important cellular constituents that present both in the
cellular and subcellular membranes.
9-Cholesterol enters in membrane structure and is used for
synthesis of adrenal cortical hormones, vitamin D3 and
bile acids.
10- Lipids provide bases for dealing with diseases such as
obesity, atherosclerosis, lipid-storage diseases, essential
fatty acid deficiency, respiratory distress syndrome,
 Classification of Lipids
1. Simple lipids (Fats & Waxes)
2. Compound or conjugated lipids
3. Derived Lipids
 KLASIFIKASI LIPID
Dasar : senyawa hasil setelah hidrolisis lipid

LIPID SEDERHANA : hasil hidrolisis berupa asam lemak dan

alkohol alifatis.
1. Lemak netral (trigliserida) : hasil hidrolisis berupa glise
rol + 3 molekul asam lemak
O
CH2 O C R O
O + 3 R- C-OH
CH O C R + H2O
O
CH2 O C R
Trigliserida
2. Malam (wax) : campuran komplek hidrolisis :
komponen lipid, keton, alkana, alkohol sekunder.

Komponen lipid terhidrolisis menjadi : satu asam lemak rantai

panjang + alkohol yang bukan gliserol

LIPID MAJEMUK
Bila terhidrolisis hasilkan : asam lemak dan alkohol serta satu
atau lebih senyawa lain.
1. Phospholipid, terdiri dari : asam fosfat, alkohol, asam
lemak dan komponen keempat yang mengandung N.
2 macam : gliserofosfolipid dan sphingofosfolipid
Komponen keempat berupa :
Serin : HO CH 2- CH2 COOH
NH2

Inositol :

Etanolamin : HO CH 2- CH2- NH2

2. Glikolipid terdiri dari : molekul gula, alkohol berupa

gliserol/sphingosin dan asam lemak.
Struktur glikolipid
Asam lemak
Gliserol Asam lemak Asam Sphingosin
lemak
Gula

Gula
(1) (2)

Derivat lipid : zat yang diturunkan dari hasil hidrolisis

golongan-golongan lipid di atas. Derivat lipid ini meliputi :
asam lemak jenuh, dan tak jenuh, gliserol, steroid, aldehid,
benda-benda keton
Fatty Acids
Sebagai senyawa ester di dalam lemak dan minyak alami
Juga ditemukan dalam bentuk tak teresterifikasi sebagai
asam lemak bebas Bentuk transpor dalam plasma
darah.
O
R C OH

#1 Carbon Acid Group

O
R C OH Polar End - Hydrophilic End

Non-polar End - Hydrophobic End

(Fat-soluble tail)
 Saturated Fatty Acids

O
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C OH

Octanoic Acid
 Unsaturated Fatty Acids
O
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C OH
3 - Octenoic Acid
O
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C OH
3, 6 - Octadienoic Acid

Short hand: 8:1 (D3)

8:2 (D3,6)
ASAM LEMAK TAK JENUH
3 golongan berdasarkan derajat ketidak jenuhan

Asam lemak tak jenuh tunggal (Monounsaturated,

monoetenoid, monoenoat)

Asam lemak tak jenuh banyak (Polyunsaturated, polietenoid,

polienoat)

Eikosanoid : senyawa yang berasal dari asam lemak

eikosapolienoat, yang meliputi : prostanoid dan leukotrien
(LT). Prostanoid terdiri dari : prostaglandin (PG), prostasiklin
(PGI) dan tromboxan (TX).
Asam lemak tak jenuh dibagi dalam 4 kelas, yaitu :
Kelas -7 : Asam palmitoleat (C : 16 9 )
Kelas -9 : Asam oleat (C : 18 9)
Kelas -6 : Asam linoleat (C : 18 9, 12)
Asam arakhidonat (C : 20 5,8,11,14)
Asam linolenat (C : 18 6,9,12)
Kelas -3 : Asam linoleat (C : 18 9, 12, 15)

H H
C C

cis double bond COOH

 Cis And Trans Fatty Acids

H H O
CH3 (CH2 )7 C C (CH2 )7 C OH
10 9
Cis 9 - Octadecenoic Acid (oleic)
H O
CH3 (CH2 )7 C C (CH2 )7 C OH
H
Trans 9 - Octadecenoic Acid (elaidic acid)
 Saturated Fatty Acids
Common Systematic Formula Common source
Name Name

Butyric Butanoic CH3(CH2)2COOH butterfat

Caproic Hexanoic CH3(CH2)4COOH butterfat, coconut, palm nut
oils
Caprylic Octanoic CH3(CH2)6COOH Coconut, palm, nut oils, butterfat

Capric Decanoic CH3(CH2)8COOH Coconut, palm, nut oils, butterfat

Lauric Dodecanoic CH3(CH2)10COOH Coconut, palm, nut oils, butterfat

Myristic Tetradecanoic CH3(CH2)12COOH Coconut, palm, nut oil, animal fats

Palmitic Hexadecanoic CH3(CH2)14COOH practically all animal, plant fats

Stearic Octadecanoic CH3(CH2)16COOH animal fat, plant fats

Arachidic Eicosanoic CH3(CH2)18COOH peanut oil

 Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Common Systematic Formula Common source
Name Name
A. Monoethenoic Acids

Oleic Cis 9-octadecenoic C17H33COOH plant and animal fats

Elaidic Trans 9-Octadecenoic C17H33COOH animal fats

B. Diethenoic Acids
Linoleic 9,12-Octadecadienoic C17H31COOH peanut, linseed, and
cottonseed oils
C. Triethenoid Acids
Linolenic 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic C17H29COOH linseed and other seed
oils
Eleostearic 9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic C17H29COOH peanut seed fats

D. Tetraethenoid Acids
4,8,12,15-
Moroctic C17H27COOH fish oils
Octadecatetraenoic
Arachidonic 5,8,11,14- C19H31COOH traces in animal fats
Eicosatetraenoic
Fatty Acids Melting Points and Solubility in Water

x Melting Point
x
x

x
x
x

x Solubility in H O
2
z
Fatty Acid Chain Length
Characteristics of Fatty Acids
Fatty Acids M.P.(C) mg/100 ml in H2O*

C4 -8 -

C6 -4 970

C8 16 75

C10 31 6

C12 44 0.55

C14 54 0.18

C16 63 0.08

C18 70 0.04

* Solubility
Effects of Double Bonds on the Melting Points
F. A. M. P. (C)

16:0 60
16:1 1
18:0 63
18:1 16
18:2 -5
18:3 -11
20:0 75
20:4 -50

M.P.

x x
x
x

# Double bonds
 Triacylglycerol
3 fatty acids linked to glycerol
ester linkage = between OH & COOH
 Triacylglycerols (triglycerides)
Triacylglycerols are nonpolar complex lipids that serve as
energy reserves. These lipids are triesters formed from three
fatty acids esterified to the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol.
Fats (from animals) are triacylglycerols that are solid at
room temperature.
Oils (from plants) are triacylglycerols that are liquids at
room temperature.

Copyright 2001; Harcourt, Inc.

Complex Lipids: Membranes
Some polar complex lipids are structural
components of cell membranes.
Phospholipids are the most common membrane
lipids. Many are phosphoacylglycerols (structurally
related to triacylglycerols).
The most abundant phospholipid is lecithin
(phosphatidylcholine).
Sphingolipids contain sphingosine, a fatty acid, and
one or more other molecules. The two major types
are sphingomyelin and cerebrosides.

Copyright 2001; Harcourt, Inc.

 Fosfolipid
1. As. Fosfstidat serta fosfatidilgliserol kardiolipin
(mitokondria)
2. Fosfatidilkolin (lesitin surfaktan) membran sel
3. Fosfatidiletanomamin
4. Fosfatidilinositol prekursor Second Messenger
5. Fosfatidilserin
6. Lisofosfolipid senyawa antara metabolisme
fosfogliserol
7. Plasmalogen otak dan otot
8. Sfingomielin (-) gliserol sist. saraf
 B-Glycolipids
Definition: They are lipids that contain carbohydrate
residues with sphingosine as the alcohol and a very long-
chain fatty acid (24 carbon series).
They are present in cerebral tissue, therefore are called
cerebrosides
Classification: According to the number and nature of
the carbohydrate residue(s) present in the glycolipids the
following are
1. Cerebrosides.(galaktosil/glukosilseramida) They
have one galactose molecule (galactosides).
2. Sulfatides. They are cerebrosides with sulfate on the
sugar (sulfated cerebrosides).
3. Gangliosides. They have several sugar and sugaramine
residues.
 Sterols

Male & female sex hormones

Bile acids
Vitamin D
Adrenal corticosteroids
Cholesterol
21
22
H 318
C CH 3
H 3C 20

12
CH 3
19 17 16
H 3C 11 13
14 15
10
1 9
2 8
3 6 7
4
HO 5
Steroid
Kegunaan : - 10% BK otak
- 10 -15% BK sumsum tulang
- Mencegah hilang air dan zat-zat terlarut
dalam air
- Tinggi dalam kuning telur
Termasuk steroid : hormon sex, vitamin D dan hormon
adrenal, kolesterol.
 Cholesterol
Important cell component
animal cell membranes helps keep
cell membranes
precursor of all other steroids
fluid & flexible
including vertebrate sex hormones
high levels in blood may contribute to
cardiovascular disease
 Analytical Methods

1. Acid Value
2. Saponification Value
3. Iodine Value
4. Gas Chromatographic Analysis for Fatty Acids
5. Liquid Chromatography
6. Cholesterol Determination
ANALISIS LEMAK
Angka penyabunan : banyaknya miligram KOH yang
dibutuhkan untuk menghidrolisis 1 gram lemak. Besarnya
angka penyabunan menunjukkan berat mol
rata-rata dari lemak/minyak.
Angka Iod : menunjukkan ketidakjenuhan asam lemak.
Angka Iod banyaknya gram iodin yang dapat bereaksi
dengan 100 gram lemak.
Angka asam : banyaknya mg KOH yang dapat bereaksi
dengan asam lemak bebas yang terdapat dalam 1 gram
lemak/minyak.