Faculty of Engineering

Petroleum Engineering and Gas Technology Department

Petroleum & Natural Gas Exploration Engineering

17PTRL08I

Tutorial 1

Done By
Engineer Mohamed Sadek
Email: Mohamed.Sadek@bue.edu.eg
Office: Room 107 Building (A) 11
 Exploration
Oil and gas explorers begin by examining the local geology.
They assess if it is likely to have the kinds of rocks that can produce oil
and gas and can form reservoirs that can hold oil and gas.
They then use survey technology, such as seismic, gravity and magnetic
surveys, to detect whether the rocks are likely to contain oil and gas deposits
and how large these deposits are likely to be.
Explorers generate seismic (sound) waves and measure the time taken for
the waves to travel from the source, reflect off subsurface features and be
detected by receivers at the surface.
The time taken to travel from the source to the receivers can indicate
features such as rock density and the likely presence of fluids or gases.
This can help build an image of the subsurface.
If interpretation of survey results shows it is likely that oil and gas deposits
exist in a particular area, an exploration well can be drilled. 2
 Fault Names

The fault caused the wall rocks to move up (or down)

The fault caused the wall rocks to fracture 3
The fault made the rocks stretch
Slip Direction

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Naming the Blocks

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 What are Seismic Waves ?

Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden

breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion.

They are the energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on
seismographs.

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 Why are seismic waves important?

Mapping the Interior of the Earth.

Detection of Contaminated Aquifers.

Finding Prospective Oil and Natural Gas Locations.

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 Types of Seismic Waves
There are several different kinds of seismic waves, and they all
move in different ways.

The two main types of waves are:

1 Body waves
Travel through the earth's interior.

2 Surface Waves
Travel along the earth's surface.

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 Body Waves
The first type of body wave is the P wave or primary wave. This is the
fastest kind of seismic wave with a velocity of (6 km/sec). The P wave
move by compressing and expanding (push-pull motion) the material
as it travels and it is also vibrate in the same direction as wave motion.
Much like sound waves. These waves can pass through solids, liquids,
and gases.

The second type of body wave is the S wave or secondary wave. The
S wave is slower than p wave with a velocity of (3.5 km/sec.). S waves
travel through material by shearing it or changing its shape in the
direction perpendicular to the direction of travel. Because liquids and
gases have no shape, these waves do not pass through liquids only
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trough solids.
P-Waves

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S-Waves

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P Wave Animation

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S Wave Animation

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 Seismograph
An instrument used to record seismic waves and the resulting graph that shows the vibrations is called a
seismogram.

P-waves, S-waves, and Surface waves are all recorded on the seismogram as seen below:

Seismologist can determine the difference in arrival times between the P-wave and the S-wave.
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 Elastic Modulus (Behavior)
The following material parameters quantify special aspects of elastic
behavior:
Elastic material resists differently to stress depending on the type of deformation. It can be quantified
by various elastic moduli:

Young's modulus E: ratio of axial stress to axial strain.

Bulk modulus K: ratio of omnidirectional stress to the relative change in volume.

Shear modulus G (rigidity): It is the ability of an object to resist the applied force. Also, it is the ratio of shear
stress to shear strain.

Poisson's ratio: ratio of transverse strain to axial strain (relative to the direction of the applied load).

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