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This document discusses the seismic performance of masonry buildings. It identifies several factors that contribute to poor seismic response in masonry structures, including:
1) Improper connection between walls and lack of bonding at wall junctions.
2) Large openings and long or tall walls that are vulnerable to shaking.
3) Use of low-quality bricks and mortar with poor tensile strength.
It also describes common failure modes like out-of-plane failure of walls, in-plane failure, connection failures, and collapse of non-structural components. Proper design and use of materials can improve the earthquake resistance of masonry buildings.
This document discusses the seismic performance of masonry buildings. It identifies several factors that contribute to poor seismic response in masonry structures, including:
1) Improper connection between walls and lack of bonding at wall junctions.
2) Large openings and long or tall walls that are vulnerable to shaking.
3) Use of low-quality bricks and mortar with poor tensile strength.
It also describes common failure modes like out-of-plane failure of walls, in-plane failure, connection failures, and collapse of non-structural components. Proper design and use of materials can improve the earthquake resistance of masonry buildings.
This document discusses the seismic performance of masonry buildings. It identifies several factors that contribute to poor seismic response in masonry structures, including:
1) Improper connection between walls and lack of bonding at wall junctions.
2) Large openings and long or tall walls that are vulnerable to shaking.
3) Use of low-quality bricks and mortar with poor tensile strength.
It also describes common failure modes like out-of-plane failure of walls, in-plane failure, connection failures, and collapse of non-structural components. Proper design and use of materials can improve the earthquake resistance of masonry buildings.
Significant of Past earthquakes in the recent years
Eg. Bhuj, 2001; Chamoli-1999, Jabalpur-1997,Latur-1993 very poor in seismic response of building the structures Main cause Improper seismic design of such buildings Important Factors Failure to connection between walls Walls, which are the weakest link in masonry buildings must be tied together properly like a box to ensure good seismic performance Absence of proper bonding between walls at the junction A good interlocking of brick courses at the corner junctions should be ensure Large size openings The sizes of door & window openings must be kept small to increase the resistance of wall to seismic shocks Seismic Performance of Masonry Building Too long walls & tall walls Vulnerable to ground shaking Length to thickness & height to thickness ratio of walls must be according to the specified seismic design codes Excessive porosity & poor tensile strength of bricks Seismic behavior of masonry walls depends upon the relative strength of bricks & mortar Both masonry & concrete can carry compressive loads safely but their behavior in tension is very poor Standard recommended bricks & specified grades of mortars must be used in the construction of masonry buildings situated in a particular seismic zone (as per seismic zone map) Seismic Performance of Masonry Building Large scale construction of non-structural components in the buildings Parapets, gables, unanchored walls, projections etc., Collapse of these improperly tied non-structural components during earthquake Major cause is loss of river Loss of lives can be minimized by constructing lesser number of such elements By giving proper design considerations i.e. proper anchoring etc., Seismic Performance of Masonry Building Irregular or asymmetric plans of masonry buildings Rectangular buildings suffer less damage during earthquakes when compared with irregular buildings Irregular building building that lacks symmetry & has discontinuity in mass & geometry Concentration of large mass at one place attracts large horizontal or torsion forces during ground shaking Building must be designed by adopting appropriate structural configuration with overall distribution of mass Common Modes of Failure Out-of- plane failure In-plane failure Connection failure Diaphragm failure Non-structural components failure OUT of PLANE Failure Its one of the most common modes of failure of masonry buildings Walls which are the main sub-units in masonry structures behave as discrete or independent units during earthquakes In this type of failure the structural walls situated perpendicular to the ground seismic motion Causes the development of vertical cracks or fissures at the corners & at the centre of walls These walls are called as flexural walls CAUSES OF OUT of PLANE Failure Inadequate or improper joining of vertical walls with the roof structures Poor & limited tensile strength of masonry units & mortar Burnt, un-burnt bricks, solid bricks, hollow bricks, stone blocks etc., Construction of long span diaphragms Horizontal diaphragms results on this type of failure due to excessive horizontal flexure Increase in flexural stress leads to rupture of component parts followed by collapse of building Characterization of OUT of PLANE Failure Formation of vertical cracks in the corner & in the middle of the walls Formation of cracks at the lintel level Formation of cracks at the roof level Rupture of exterior walls Ejection of masonry units from the walls Formation of horizontal cracks along the faade (front of buildings) IN-plane failure In-plane failure of structural walls is traditionally built in constructions of India Major failure but quiet less than out-of-plane It happens in which structural walls are situated parallel to earthquake motion are subjected to bending & shear forces causing development of horizontal & diagonal cracks in the walls Causes of IN-plane failure Main causes of in-plane failure are:- Excessive bending Excessive shear Repeated load reversal Characterization of In-plane failure In-plane failure walls of unreinforced masonry structures is characterized by the following features Vertical cracks Diagonal cracks or shear cracks on parapets Diagonal shear cracks in doors & window lintels. It is also known as X-cracking Diagonal cracks in wall portion situated between openings. It is termed as wall masonry Crushing of wall corners Horizontal bending cracks on top & bottom of wall pier masonry Vertical cracks near wall junction Spalling of material at floor beam level diaphragm failure This type of failure occurs rarely during earthquakes Diaphragms are horizontal residing elements serving as horizontal link with the vertical components of buildings such as columns & walls For e.g. Roof slab, first floor diaphragm etc., These diaphragms are important structural elements which possess adequate strength & stiffness These transfer the delivered earthquake forces to the vertical components like columns, shear walls, frames etc., which ultimately transfer the seismic forces into the foundation The diaphragm failure is type of failure in which it losses its capability of good shear transfer to the walls. It may be understood that diaphragm failure only leads to shear failure of masonry walls resulting from excessive diaphragm flexibility Damage at the corners of the walls is generally observed in the absence of no shear transfer connection This failure doesnt mean that it will lose its gravity load carrying capacity In properly strengthened & anchored buildings, the problem of diaphragm failure remains non existent It can be prevented by adequately anchoring the diaphragm with the reaction walls by use of shear walls Connection failure During earthquake, seismic inertia forces are generated in all elements of the building These inertia forces are initially delivered to the horizontal diaphragms such as floor slab These forces are further distributed by the floor slab to the vertical elements like walls & columns which transfer the forces to the foundation Ultimately the lateral inertia forces are transferred to the soil system lying below the foundations The connections between all the structural elements such as floor slabs, walls, columns, foundations etc., must be designed adequately so that seismic forces of inertia are safely distributed through them This type of failure is typically characterized by: Formation of diagonal cracks on masonry walls Collapse of corner zones Main causes of connection failure Principal causes of connection failure is traditionally built constructions are: Increased size & no. of wall openings Inadequately strengthened openings near the edges of masonry walls Insufficient connection of floors with the external walls Due to relative small thickness of walls & use of brittle material like masonry Non-structural failure Components of building which arent designed & designed by structural engineer like the other load bearing elements like columns, beams, slab etc., are termed as non-structural components The non-structural components include: Parapet walls Partition walls Mumty Water tanks Cornices Canopies Staircase Projections etc., The above mentioned non-structural components are damaged generally when subjected to earthquake forces because these are not structurally safe & also not a part of initial building design. Some of the non-structural components like partition walls, projections & water tanks etc., are often added after the initial building design is approved Causes of failure of Non-structural components Important causes of failure of non-structural components are as follows Improper & inadequate design to resist lateral force Poor condition with the main structural elements Non-bracing or poor restraining of these structural elements In absence of anchoring or bracing these components behave like cantilevers & are subjected to greater amplification becoming prone to damaged during earthquakes MASONRY CRACKING GRADE DAMAGE LEVEL DEFINATION FOR LOAD BEARING MASONRY CRACKS G0 Undamaged No visible damage
G1 Slight damage Hairline cracks
G2 Moderate damage Cracks 5-20 mm
G3 Heavy damage Cracks 20 mm or wall material dislodge
G4 Partial destruction Complete collapse of individual wall material
or roof support G5 Collapse More than one wall collapsed or more than half of roof REPAIRING TECHNIQUES OF MASONARY:-