DEFINE THE TERMS!

Digestion - sequence by which food is broken

down by a series of physical and chemical
processes where food is broken down into usable
and absorbable nutrients used to maintain vital
bodily functions.
1. Physical/Mechanical Digestion = Physically
breaking down large pieces of food into smaller
ones
Chewing, grinding of food
the size of the particles,
the surface area of food

2. Chemical Digestion = breaking down complex food

molecules into simpler ones
Enzymes
W/O chemical digestion, large food molecules could
not be absorbed/used

2 parts to Digestion:
Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Absorption
Defecation
 MOUTH
Mastication is the action of the teeth and the jaws working
together to break food down. Food needs to be chewed to be
broken down into pieces small enough to swallow.

Breaking the food down also gives it a larger surface area for
the digestive enzymes to work on.
 MOVING ON FROM THE MOUTH
The bolus is passed through to the oesophagus.

The stomach is an expandable sack where the bolus will be

churned for a few minutes or up to 2 or 3 hours.

The bolus is mixed with hydrochloric acid

which helps to kill any bacteria present.
 STOMACH
When the food has been churned into a creamy mixture known
as chyme, the pyloric sphincter (a ring of muscles) opens and
chyme is released gradually into the small intestine.

Chyme passes out of the stomach through the pyloric sphincter

into the small intestine.
SMALL INTESTINE

1. Duodenum opening from common bile duct

secretes fluids from:
a. Liver & Gallbladder bile emulsifies fat
b. Pancreas amylase break down
carbohydrate, sodium bicarbonate
neutralizes the acidic chyme and lipase
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
 DUODENUM
The duodenum receives about 12 grams of chyme each time
the pyloric sphincter opens.

In the duodenum, chyme is diluted with bile salts (from the gall
bladder) and pancreatic juices (from the pancreas).
 JEJUNUM
The duodenum receives about 12 grams of chyme each time
the pyloric sphincter opens.

In the duodenum, chyme is diluted with bile salts (from the gall
bladder) and pancreatic juices (from the pancreas).
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE
SMALL INTESTINE
SUBSTANCES ABSORBED IN THE
SMALL INTESTINE
Water;
Alcohol;
Sugars;
Minerals;
Water soluble vitamins;
Peptides and amino acids;
Fatty acids, glycerol and fat soluble vitamins.
 DEFINE THE TERMS!
Absorption - the passage of the digested food
substances across the gastro-intestinal lining, or
mucosa and delivering them to the bloodstream
for use by the body.
 ABSORPTION

Passive through the process of osmosis the nutrients pass

through the wall of the small intestine and into the blood
supply.

Active a carrier transports the nutrient through the wall of the

small intestine into the blood supply. This type of absorption
requires energy.

Once in the blood the nutrients are transported to the liver via
the hepatic portal vein. The liver filters, converts the nutrients
into substances that can be used by the bodys cells for energy
and growth.
 ABSORPTION

Once in the blood, nutrients are carried to all the cells of the
body. Some are oxidised to produce energy and other are used
to repair the cell or to build new cells.

Once the nutrients have been absorbed, the remaining chyme

passes into the large intestine or the colon.