Lecture 20 Columns

July 23, 2003

CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
Definitions for short columns
Columns
 Analysis and Design of
Short Columns
General Information

Column: Vertical Structural members

Transmits axial compressive loads with
or without moment
transmit loads from the floor & roof to
the foundation
 Analysis and Design of
Short Columns
General Information

Column Types:
1. Tied
2. Spiral
3. Composite
4. Combination
5. Steel pipe
 Analysis and Design of
Short Columns
Tied Columns - 95% of all columns in
buildings are tied
Tie spacing h (except for seismic)
tie support long bars (reduce buckling)
ties provide negligible restraint to
lateral expose of core
 Analysis and Design of
Short Columns
Spiral Columns

Pitch = 1.375 in. to 3.375 in.

spiral restrains lateral (Poissons effect)
axial load delays failure (ductile)
 Analysis and Design of
Short Columns
Elastic Behavior
An elastic analysis using the transformed section
method would be:
For concentrated load, P
P
fc uniform stress over section
Ac nAst n = Es / Ec
Ac = concrete area
f s nf c
As = steel area
 Analysis and Design of
Short Columns
Elastic Behavior
The change in concrete strain with respect to time will
effect the concrete and steel stresses as follows:

Concrete stress

Steel stress
 Analysis and Design of
Short Columns
Elastic Behavior
An elastic analysis does not work, because creep and
shrinkage affect the acting concrete compression strain
as follows:
 Analysis and Design of
Short Columns
Elastic Behavior
Concrete creeps and shrinks, therefore we can
not calculate the stresses in the steel and concrete
due to acting loads using an elastic analysis.
 Analysis and Design of
Short Columns
Elastic Behavior
Therefore, we are not able to calculate the real
stresses in the reinforced concrete column under
acting loads over time. As a result, an allowable
stress design procedure using an elastic analysis
was found to be unacceptable. Reinforced concrete
columns have been designed by a strength method
since the 1940s.

Note: Creep and shrinkage do not affect the strength

of the member.
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads

1. Initial Behavior up to Nominal Load - Tied and

spiral columns.
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads

P0 0.85 f c * Ag Ast f y Ast

Let
Ag = Gross Area = b*h Ast = area of long steel
fc = concrete compressive strength
fy = steel yield strength

Factor due to less than ideal consolidation and curing

conditions for column as compared to a cylinder. It
is not related to Whitneys stress block.
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads

2. Maximum Nominal Capacity for Design Pn (max)

Pn max rP0
r = Reduction factor to account for accidents/bending
r = 0.80 ( tied )
ACI 10.3.6.3
r = 0.85 ( spiral )
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads

3. Reinforcement Requirements (Longitudinal Steel Ast)

Ast
Let g
Ag
- ACI Code 10.9.1 requires 0.01 g 0.08
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads

3. Reinforcement Requirements (Longitudinal Steel Ast)

- Minimum # of Bars ACI Code 10.9.2
min. of 6 bars in circular arrangement
w/min. spiral reinforcement.
min. of 4 bars in rectangular
arrangement
min. of 3 bars in triangular ties
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads

3. Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)

ACI Code 7.10.5.1

size # 3 bar if longitudinal bar # 10 bar

# 4 bar if longitudinal bar # 11 bar
# 4 bar if longitudinal bars are bundled
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads

3. Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)

Vertical spacing: (ACI 7.10.5.2)
s 16 db ( db for longitudinal bars )
s 48 db ( db for tie bar )
s least lateral dimension of column
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads
3. Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)
Arrangement Vertical spacing: (ACI 7.10.5.3)

1.) At least every other longitudinal bar shall have

lateral support from the corner of a tie with an
included angle 135o.
2.) No longitudinal bar shall be more than 6 in.
clear on either side from support bar.
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads

Examples of
lateral ties.
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads

Reinforcement Requirements (Spirals )

ACI Code 7.10.4

size 3/8 dia. (3/8 f smooth bar,

#3 bar dll or wll wire)

1 in. clear spacing

between spirals 3 in. ACI 7.10.4.3
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads

Reinforcement Requirements (Spiral)

Spiral Reinforcement Ratio, s

Volume of Spiral 4 Asp

s
Volume of Core Dc s

Asp Dc
from : s 2

1 4 Dc s
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads
Reinforcement Requirements (Spiral)
A f
c
s 0.45 * 1 * ACI Eqn. 10-5
g

Ac f y
where
Asp cross - sectional area of spiral reinforcem ent

Dc2
Ac core area
4
Dc core diameter : outside edge to outside edge of spiral
s spacing pitch of spiral steel (center to center)
f y yield strength of spiral steel 60,000 psi
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads
4. Design for Concentric Axial Loads
(a) Load Combination

Gravity: Pu 1.2 PDL 1.6 PLL

Gravity + Wind: Pu 1.2 PDL 1.0 PLL 1.6 Pw
and Pu 0.9 PDL 1.3Pw
etc. Check for
tension
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads
4. Design for Concentric Axial Loads
(b) General Strength Requirement

f Pn Pu
where, f = 0.65 for tied columns
f = 0.7 for spiral columns
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads

4. Design for Concentric Axial Loads

(c) Expression for Design
defined:

ACI Code 0.01 g 0.08

Ast
g
Ag
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads

f Pn f r Ag 0.85 f c Ast f y 0.85 f c Pu

concrete steel
or

f Pn f r Ag 0.85 f c g f y 0.85 f c Pu
 Behavior, Nominal Capacity and
Design under Concentric Axial loads

* when g is known or assumed:

Pu
Ag
f r 0.85 f c g f y 0.85 f c
* when Ag is known or assumed:

Ag 0.85 f c
1 Pu
Ast
f y 0.85 fc fr

Example: Design Tied Column for
Concentric Axial Load

Design tied column for concentric axial load

Pdl = 150 k; Pll = 300 k; Pw = 50 k
fc = 4500 psi fy = 60 ksi
Design a square column aim for g = 0.03.
Select longitudinal transverse reinforcement.
 Example: Design Tied Column for
Concentric Axial Load
Determine the loading
Pu 1.2 Pdl 1.6 Pll
1.2 150 k 1.6 300 k 660 k
Pu 1.2 Pdl 1.0 Pll 1.6 Pw
1.2 150 k 1.0 300 k 1.6 50 k 560 k
Check the compression or tension in the column
Pu 0.9 Pdl 1.3Pw
0.9 150 k 1.3 50 k 70 k
 Example: Design Tied Column for
Concentric Axial Load
For a square column r = 0.80 and f = 0.65 and = 0.03
Pu
Ag

f r 0.85f c g f y 0.85f c
660 k

0.85 4.5 ksi
0.65 0.8
0.03 60 ksi 0.85 4.5 ksi

230.4 in 2
Ag d 2 d 15.2 in. d 16 in.
Example: Design Tied Column for
Concentric Axial Load
For a square column, As=Ag= 0.03(15.2 in.)2 =6.93 in2
1 Pu
Ast f r 0.85f c Ag
f y 0.85fc
1

60 ksi 0.85 4.5 ksi
660 k 2
* 0.85 4.5 ksi 16 in
0.65 0.8
5.16 in 2
Use 8 #8 bars Ast = 8(0.79 in2) = 6.32 in2
 Example: Design Tied Column for
Concentric Axial Load
Check P0

P0 0.85f c Ag Ast f y Ast

0.85 4.5 ksi 256 in 2 6.32 in 2 60 ksi 6.32 in 2
1334 k
f Pn f rP0 0.65 0.81334 k 694 k > 660 k OK
Example: Design Tied Column for
Concentric Axial Load
Use #3 ties compute the spacing

b # d b 2 cover dstirrup
s
# bars 1
16 in. 3 1.0 in. 2 1.5 in. 0.375 in.

2
4.625 in. < 6 in. No cross-ties needed
 Example: Design Tied Column for
Concentric Axial Load
Stirrup design

16d b 16 1.0 in. 16 in. governs

s 48dstirrup 48 0.375 in. 18 in.
smaller b or d 16 in. governs

Use #3 stirrups with 16 in. spacing in the column

 Behavior under Combined
Bending and Axial Loads
Usually moment is represented by axial load times
eccentricity, i.e.
 Behavior under Combined
Bending and Axial Loads
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and Moment
( Failure Envelope )

Concrete crushes
before steel yields

Steel yields before

concrete crushes

Note: Any combination of P and M outside the

envelope will cause failure.
 Behavior under Combined
Bending and Axial Loads
Axial Load and Moment Interaction Diagram General
 Behavior under Combined
Bending and Axial Loads
Resultant Forces action at Centroid
( h/2 in this case )
Pn Cs1 Cc Ts2


compression
is positive

Moment about geometric center

h h a h
M n Cs1 * d1 Cc * Ts2 * d 2
2 2 2 2
Columns in Pure Tension

Section is completely cracked (no concrete

axial capacity)

Uniform Strain y
N
Pn tension f y As
i
i 1
Columns
Strength Reduction Factor, f (ACI Code 9.3.2)

(a) Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure.

f = 0.9
(b) Axial compression and axial compression with
flexure.
Members with spiral reinforcement confirming
to 10.9.3 f 0.70
Other reinforced members f 0.65
 Columns
Except for low values of axial compression, f may be
increased as follows:
when f y 60,000 psi and reinforcement is symmetric
and h d ds 0.70
h
ds = distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of
tension reinforcement.

Then f may be increased linearly to 0.9 as fPn

decreases from 0.10fc Ag to zero.
Column
 Columns
Commentary:

Other sections:
f may be increased linearly to 0.9 as the
strain s increase in the tension steel. fPb
 Design for Combined Bending
and Axial Load (Short Column)

Design - select cross-section and reinforcement

to resist axial load and moment.
 Design for Combined Bending
and Axial Load (Short Column)
Column Types
1) Spiral Column - more efficient for e/h < 0.1,
but forming and spiral expensive
2) Tied Column - Bars in four faces used when
e/h < 0.2 and for biaxial bending
 General Procedure

The interaction diagram for a column is

constructed using a series of values for Pn and
Mn. The plot shows the outside envelope of the
problem.
 General Procedure for
Construction of ID
Compute P0 and determine maximum Pn in
compression
Select a c value (multiple values)
Calculate the stress in the steel components.
Calculate the forces in the steel and
concrete,Cc, Cs1 and Ts.
Determine Pn value.
Compute the Mn about the center.
Compute moment arm,e = Mn / Pn.
 General Procedure for
Construction of ID
Repeat with series of c values (10) to obtain a
series of values.
Obtain the maximum tension value.
Plot Pn verse Mn.
Determine fPn and fMn.
Find the maximum compression level.
Find the f will vary linearly from 0.65 to 0.9
for the strain values
The tension component will be f = 0.9
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram

Consider an square column (20 in x 20 in.) with 8 #10

( = 0.0254) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Draw the
interaction diagram.
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram

Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi

Ast 8 1.27 in 2 10.16 in 2

Ag 20 in. 400 in 2
2

2
Ast 10.16 in
2
0.0254
Ag 400 in
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
P0 0.85 f c Ag Ast f y Ast
0.85 4 ksi 400 in 10.16 in
2 2

60 ksi 10.16 in 2

1935 k
Pn rP0 [ Point 1 ]
0.8 1935 k 1548 k
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine where the balance point, cb.
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine where the balance point, cb. Using similar
triangles, where d = 20 in. 2.5 in. = 17.5 in., one can
find cb
cb 17.5 in.

0.003 0.003 0.00207
0.003
cb 17.5 in.
0.003 0.00207
cb 10.36 in.
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine the strain of the steel

cb 2.5 in. 10.36 in. 2.5 in.

s1 cu 0.003
cb 10.36 in.
0.00228
cb 10 in. 10.36 in. 10 in.
s2 cu 0.003
cb 10.36 in.
0.000104
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine the stress in the steel

fs1 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.00228

66 ksi 60 ksi compression
fs2 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.000104
3.02 ksi compression
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Cc 0.85 f cb 1c
0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 10.36 in.
598.8 k
Cs1 As1 f s1 0.85 f c
3 1.27 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
215.6 k
Cs2 2 1.27 in 2 3.02 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
0.97 k neglect
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Ts As fs 3 1.27 in 2
60 ksi
228.6 k
Pn Cc Cs1 Cs2 Ts
599.8 k 215.6 k 228.6 k
585.8 k
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a h h
M Cc Cs1 d1 Ts d3
2 2 2 2
20 in. 0.85 10.85 in.
599.8 k
2 2
20 in.
215.6 k 2.5 in.
2
20 in.
228.6 k 17.5 in.
2
6682.2 k-in 556.9 k-ft
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(585.6 k, 556.9 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 6682.2 k-in
e 11.41 in.
P 585.8 k

[ Point 2 ]
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Now select a series of additional points by selecting
values of c. Select c = 17.5 in. Determine the strain
of the steel. (c is at the location of the tension steel)
c 2.5 in. 17.5 in. 2.5 in.
s1 cu 0.003
c 17.5 in.
0.00257 fs1 74.5 ksi 60 ksi (compression)
c 10 in. 17.5 in. 10 in.
s2 cu 0.003
c 17.5 in.
0.00129 fs2 37.3 ksi (compression)
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Cc 0.85 f cb 1c 0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 17.5 in.

1012 k
Cs1 As1 f s1 0.85 f c 3 1.27 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
216 k
Cs2 2 1.27 in 2 37.3 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
86 k
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Ts As fs 3 1.27 in 2
0 ksi
0 k
Pn 1012 k 216 k 86 k
1314 k
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a h
M Cc Cs1 d1
2 2 2
20 in. 0.85 17.5 in.
1012 k
2 2
20 in.
216 k 2.5 in.
2
4213 k-in 351.1 k-ft
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(1314 k, 351.1 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 4213 k-in
e 3.2 in.
P 1314 k

[ Point 3 ]
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Select c = 6 in. Determine the strain of the steel, c =6 in.
c 2.5 in. 6 in. 2.5 in.
s1 cu 0.003
c 6 in.
0.00175 fs1 50.75 ksi (compression)
c 10 in. 6 in. 10 in.
s2 cu 0.003
c 6 in.
0.002 fs2 58 ksi (tension)
c 17.5 in. 6 in. 17.5 in.
s3 cu 0.003
c 6 in.
0.00575 fs3 60 ksi (tension)
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Cc 0.85 f cb1c
0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 6 in.
346.8 k
Cs1 As1 fs1 0.85 f c
3 1.27 in 2 50.75 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
180.4 k C
Cs2 2 1.27 in 2 58 ksi
147.3 k T
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

Ts As fs 3 1.27 in 2
60 ksi
228.6 k
Pn 346.8 k 180.4 k 147.3 k 228.6 k
151.3 k
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a h h
M Cc Cs1 d1 Ts d3
2 2 2 2
0.85 6 in.
346.8 k 10 in.
2
180.4 k 10 in. 2.5 in.
228.6 k 17.5 in. 10 in.
5651 k-in 470.9 k-ft
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(151 k, 471 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 5651.2 k-in
e 37.35 in.
P 151.3 k

[ Point 4 ]
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Select point of straight tension. The maximum tension
in the column is

Pn As f y 8 1.27 in 2
60 ksi
610 k

[ Point 5 ]
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Point c (in) Pn Mn e
1 - 1548 k 0 0
2 20 1515 k 253 k-ft 2 in
3 17.5 1314 k 351 k-ft 3.2 in
4 12.5 841 k 500 k-ft 7.13 in
5 10.36 585 k 556 k-ft 11.42 in
6 8.0 393 k 531 k-ft 16.20 in
7 6.0 151 k 471 k-ft 37.35 in
8 ~4.5 0k 395 k-ft infinity

9 0 -610 k 0 k-ft
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Use a series of c
values to obtain the Column Analysis

Pn verses Mn. 2000

1500

1000
P (k)

500

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-500

-1000
M (k-ft)
 Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Max. compression
Column Analysis

1200

1000
Location of the 800

linearly varying f. 600

400
Cb
fPn (k)

200

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
-200

-400

-600
Max. tension
-800
fMn (k-ft)