TORSION

Introduction, Round bar torsion, Non- uniform torsion

Relationship between Youngs Modulus, E, Poisson ratio, and

modulus of rigidity

Power Transmission on round bar

 TORSION-INTRODUCTION
Occur when any shaft is subjected to a torque

This is true whether the shaft is rotating (e.g. drives shaft on engines,
motors & turbines) or stationary (bolt/screw)

This torque makes the shaft twist and or end rotates relative to other
inducing shear stress on any cross section

Failure might occur due to shear alone / Shear + stretching/bending

 ROUND BAR TORSION EQUATION

The diagram show a shaft fixed at one end and twisted at the other end due to action of a torque T
 POLAR 2ND MOMENT OF AREA
Solid shaft

Hollow shaft
 NON-UNIFORM TORSION
Uniform/Pure torsion torsion of prismatic bar subjected to torques
acting only at the ends

Non-uniform torsion the bar need not be prismatic and the applied
torque may act anywhere along the axis of bar

Non-uniform torsion can be analysed by

Applying formula of pure torsion to finite segments of the bar then adding
the results
Applying formula to differential elements of the bar and then integrating
 NON-UNIFORM TORSION
CASE 1: Bar consisting of prismatic segments with constant torque
throughout each segment

n n
Ti Li
i
i 1 i 1 Gi ( I p ) i

CASE 2: Bar with continuously varying cross sections and constant

torque
L L
Tdx
d
0 0
GI p ( x)
 NON-UNIFORM TORSION
CASE 3: Bar with continuously varying cross sections and continuously
varying torque

L L
T ( x)dx
d
0 0
GI p ( x)
 NON-UNIFORM TORSION
Limitations
Analyses described valid for bar made of linearly elastic materials
Circular cross sections (Solid /hollow)
Stresses determined from the torsion formula valid in region of the bar
away from stress concentrations (diameter changes abruptly/concentrated
torque applied
For the case above, Angle of twist still valid
Changes in diameter is are small and gradually (angle of taper max 10o)
RELATION BETWEEN E, AND G

E
G
2(1 )
MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION BY SHAFT

Equation (2C) is the angular of

equation (2A)
All 3 equations should be
remembered
 n
Ti Li

i 1 Gi ( I p ) i