BASIC FLIGHT

INSTRUMENT

SIX PACK
Pitot-Static System
 INSTRUMENT-OPERATED PRESSURE

- Sensitive Altimeter
- VSI (Vertical Speed Indicator)
- ASI (Air Speed Indicator)
Pitot Tube

Static vent
AIR SPEED INDICATOR
 Airspeed Indicator

The Airspeed Indicator

measures the speed of the
aircraft through the air, but
really this is the speed at
which the air is flowing over
the airplane.
 True Airspeed Indicator with Maximum
True Airspeed Indicator Allowable Speed Indicator
Meanings of the standard color-coded markings:

-White arc commonly referred to as the flap operating range since its lower limit
represents the full flap stall speed and its upper limit provides the maximum flap speed.
Approaches and landings are usually flown at speeds within the white arc.

- Lower limit of white arc (VSO) the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in
the landing configuration. In small aircraft, this is the power-off stall speed at the maximum
landing weight in the landing configuration (gear and flaps down)

- Upper limit of the white arc (VFE) the maximum speed with the flaps extended.

- Green arc the normal operating range of the aircraft. Most flying occurs within this
range.
- Lower limit of green arc (VS1) the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed
obtained in a specified configuration. For most aircraft, this is the power-off stall speed at the
maximum takeoff weight in the clean configuration (gears up, if retractable, and flaps up).

- Upper limit of green arc (VNO) the maximum structural cruising speed. Do not exceed
this speed except in smooth air.

- Yellow arc - caution range. Fly within this range only in the smooth air, and then, only with
caution.

- Red line (VNE) never exceed speed. Operating above this speed is prohibited since it may
result in damage or structural failure.
The Red Line
The speed marked by the Red Line is the Never Exceed Speed (Vne).
This speed should never be exceeded in the Aircraft or structural
damage may occur.

The Yellow Arc

The speed range marked by the Yellow Arc is the Caution Speed Range.
Speed range indicated by the Yellow Arc is for Smooth Air Only.

The Green Arc

The Green Arc denotes the Normal Operating Airspeed Range.

The White Arc

The Flaps Operating Range is denoted by the White Arc. Flaps may only
be used within this range of speeds.
Mach Number
Indicator
ALTIMETER
 Altimeter
Measures the Altitude or
height of the aircraft above
Sea Level.

Ground elevation varies

widely, so the Altimeter
reading does not measure
height about the Ground, but
instead above Sea Level.

Pilot must be aware of the

Ground elevation, to then
calculate the height of the
airplane above the Ground.
 Sensitive altimeter

Three pointer Altimeter Drum-Type Altimeter

VERTICAL SPEED
 Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
This measure the rate of the aircrafts climb or
descent in feet per minute (fpm). It measures
the vertical speed or rate of climb.

It works by measuring and comparing the

static pressure inside a capsule to the
metered static pressure outside of the
capsule.

When an aircraft climbs and descents the

capsule compresses or expands and the
pressure difference is measured and linked to Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
the pointer. Or
Vertical Velocity Indicator (VVI)
Gyroscope Instrument
 Turn Coordinator
Attitude indicator
Heading Indicator
 Must be set according to the Magnetic Compass indication
before takeoff.

Adjusted to the Magnetic compass while the aircraft is in

steady, level flight.

Precision error must be corrected for at regular intervals of

about 15 minutes by re-calibrating the Heading Indicator
(HI) to the Magnetic Compass.
 The source of power for the gyro is the engine-driven
vacuum pump (or venturi)

Sucks air from the rear of the instrument case.

Air under atmospheric pressure pass through the filtering

system, thence through an air bearing into the hollow
vertical gimbal ring.

The air then passes through the air nozzle and jets,
striking the rotor at a point just above the plane of the
horizontal gimbal.
TURN COORDINATOR
 Types of Turn Indicators
Turn Coordinator
Aircraft use two types of turn
indicators: turn-and-slip indicator
The turn-and-slip indicator shows
only the rate of turn in degrees
per second.
The turn coordinator is mounted
at an angle, or canted, so it can
initially show roll rate
When the roll stabilizes, it
indicates rate of turn.
Electrical Turn Coordinators
Vacum Turn Coordinators
 Turn Coordinator
The turn coordinator can be
used to establish and
maintain a standard-rate
turn by aligning the wing of
the miniature aircraft with
the turn index
 Coordination is achieved by referring
to the inclinometer, which consists of
a liquid-lled curved tube with a ball
inside.

Both instruments
Indicate turn direction and quality
(coordination)
Serve as a backup source of bank
information in the event an attitude
indicator fails
ATTITUDE INDICATOR
 The attitude indicator, with its miniature aircraft
Attitude Indicator and horizon bar, displays a picture of the attitude
of the aircraft.

The relationship of the miniature aircraft to the

horizon bar is the same as the relationship of the
real aircraft to the actual horizon.

The instrument gives an instantaneous indication

of even the smallest changes in attitude.

The horizon bar represents the true horizon. This

bar is xed to the gyro and remains in a
horizontal plane as the aircraft is pitched or
banked about its lateral or longitudinal axis,
indicating the attitude of the aircraft relative to
the true horizon.
Performance Limits
 Performance Limits
The pitch and bank limits depend upon the make and
model of the instrument.
Banking: from 100 to 110
Pitch: from 60 to 70

If either limit is exceeded, the instrument will tumble

or spill and will give incorrect indications until
realigned
 Every pilot should be able to interpret the banking scale

Most banking scale indicators move in the same direction

from that in which the aircraft is actually banked. Some
other models move in the opposite direction.

The attitude indicator is reliable and the most realistic

ight instrument on the instrument panel. Its indications
are very close approximations of the actual attitude of
the aircraft.
HEADING INDICATOR
or
GYRO DIRECCIONAL
 Gyroscopic flight instrument

Also known as the

Directional Gyro
Heading Gyro,

Principal use as direction instrument

in flight.
 Must be set according to the Magnetic Compass
indication before takeoff.

Adjusted to the Magnetic compass while the aircraft is in

steady, level flight.

Precision error must be corrected for at regular intervals

of about 15 minutes by re-calibrating the Heading
Indicator (HI) to the Magnetic Compass.