Gas Power Cycle 1 Advanced Thermo-fluids

Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesela CycleStirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Contents:

Carnot cycle
Otto cycle
Diesel cycle
Jet Gas Turbine
Stirling cycle
Ericsson cycle
Brayton cycle
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Gas Power Cycles

Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Introduction

Gas power cycles Heat engines in

Heat source
which working fluid
is gas QH
Heat Wnet
Sample engine
applications QL
Heat sink

Internal Combustion Engines

Gas Turbines
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Carnot Cyle Represents most efficient cycle that operates

between two fixed temperatures TH and TL

TL
Efficiency of Carnot heat engine: th,Carnot 1
TH
Not practical for real-life applications

Acts as reference against

Carnot
which actual cycles can be
compared.
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Carnot Cyle

Processes in a Carnot cycle:

1 - 2 Isothermal heat addition
2 - 3 Isentropic expansion
3 - 4 Isothermal heat rejection
4 - 1 Isentropic compression

Enclosed area in T-s & P-v diagrams

=> net work done by the cycle
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Reciprocating engines

Examples of gas power cycle applications

that involve piston-cylinder units

Types of reciprocating engine

Combustion initiated
by a spark
Spark-ignition
engine Ideal process described
by Otto cycle

Combustion initiated
Compression-ignition by compression
engine Ideal process described
by Diesel cycle
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Reciprocating engines

TDC : Top dead centre

BDC : Bottom dead centre
Stroke : Distance between TDC
and BDC
Bore : Diameter of the piston
Clearance volume : Minimum
volume when piston at TDC

r : Compression ratio

Vmax VBDC
r
Vmin VTDC
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Reciprocating engines

MEP : Mean Effective Pressure

: Fictitious pressure that if it
acted on piston during entire
power stroke would produce
same amount of net work
produced during actual cycle

wnet
MEP
Vmax Vmin
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Otto cycle
Represents ideal cycle for spark-ignition (SI) engines

Processes in 4-stroke engine cycle: Otto: stroke by stroke

Spark plug High

Air-fuel Exhaust gas Fresh air-
ignite and pressure gas
mixture is driven out fuel mixture
combustion drives
compressed by piston drawn in
starts piston down
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Otto cycle Differences between Otto and actual 4-stroke engines

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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

4-stroke engine

Actual Cycle

1 - 2 1. Piston moves upward from BDC to TDC Isentropic compression

2. Air-fuel mixture is compressed isentropically. (Compression stroke)
2 - 3 1. Spark plug fires and combustion takes place Constant-volume heat
2. Piston moves downward from TDC to BDC, addition
converting heat energy to work (Power or expansion stroke)
3 - 4 1. Piston moves upward from BDC to TDC Isentropic expansion Otto
2. Exhaust valve open and exhaust gas is removed (Exhaust stroke) Cycle
4 - 1 1. Piston moves downward from TDC to BDC Constant-volume heat
2. Intake valve open and air-fuel mixture drawn in rejection
(Intake stroke)
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

2-stroke cycle All four processes in take place in 2 strokes

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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

2-stroke cycle Compression stroke: Air-fuel mixture drawn

in,squeezed in combustion chamber

Power stroke: Combustion takes place,

burned gas removed
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

2-stroke cycle

2-stroke engines generally less efficient than 4-stroke due to:

incomplete expulsion of exhaust gases
partial expulsion of fresh air-fuel mixture

Advantages of 2-stroke engines:

simple and inexpensive
high power-to-weight and power-to-volume ratios
=> suitable for small size and light applications
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

1st. Law Analysis:

P T
3 3
Qin
Qin
2
4 2 4
Qout
1 1 Qout
v s

For closed system:

q w u qin u3 u2 wnet
qout u4 u1 th,Otto
qin
wnet qin qout
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

1st. Law Analysis:

If specific heat is considered constant (i.e. approximate method):

qin u3 u2 cv,av (T3 T2 )

qout u4 u1 cv,av (T4 T1 )
1
th,Otto 1 k 1 Attention:
r
*Use suitable method
r compression ratio (exact or approximate)
Cp consistently*
k
Cv
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Some notes:

Efficiency of Otto cycle increases with 1

compression ratio and specific heat ratio th,Otto 1
r k 1
At high compression ratio (above 8):
further increase in efficiency is
insignificant
premature ignition occurs =>
engine knock. Reduced by anti-
knock agent, e.g. tetraethyl lead

Typical efficiency of SI engines: 25 - 30%

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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Diesel Cycle:

Represents ideal compression-

ignition (CI) engine

Consists of 4 processes
=> Almost similar to Otto cycle

Air compressed to
pressure &
temperature above
self-ignition
temperature of fuel

Combustion starts
on contact as fuel is
injected to hot air
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

1st. Law analysis:

Exact method: variable specific heat

qin h3 h2 , qout U 4 U1 )
wnet
th, Diesel
qin

Approximate method: constant specific heat

qin C p (T3 T2 ) , qout Cv (T4 T1 )

1 rck 1 V3 v3
th, Diesel 1 k 1 , rc cutoff ratio
r k (rc 1) V2 v2
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Some notes:

At same compression ratio, Otto has

greater efficiency than Diesel engines
Advantages of Diesel engines:
able to operate at much higher
compression ratio (12 to 24)
i.e higher efficiency (35 - 40%)
able to use cheaper fuel, because
less constraint on premature
ignition problem
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Stirling & Ericsson cycle:

Stirling: Two constant-

volume regeneration

Ericsson: Two constant-

pressure regeneration

Robert Stirling
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Stirling Engine
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Advantages:
Ideal Stirling and Ericsson cycles
have Carnot cycle efficiency
Combustion can be done externally
=> more choices of fuel types

Disadvantages:
Difficult to achieve in practice:
- involve heat transfer through
small temperature difference.
- require very large heat transfer
area and very long time.
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Brayton cycle: Represents ideal gas-turbine engine cycle

Actual gas turbine

operate on open cycle

Assumptions:
Combustion process
=> const-pressure heat addition
Exhaust process
=> const-pressure heat rejection
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Made up of 4 processes:
1 - 2 Isentropic compression (compressor)
2 - 3 Const Pressure heat addition (heat exchanger)
3 - 4 Isentropic expansion (turbine)
4 - 1 Const Pressure heat removal (heat exchanger)
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

1st law analysis:

qin h3 h2 , qout h4 h1
win h2 h1 , wout h3 h4
wout,net wout win
wout,net
wout,net qin qout th,Brayton
qin
If specific heats are assumed
constant (approximate method)

1 P2
th, Brayton 1 , rp
rp( k 1) / k P1
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Deviation from ideal Brayton cycle, due to:

pressure drops during heat addition and rejection
irreversibilities in compressor and turbine

ws h1 h2 s
compressor
wa h1 h2a

wa h3 h4a
turbine
ws h3 h4 s
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Main applications of Brayton cycle:

electricity generation => gas-turbine power plants
aircrafts => jet propulsion engines
marine => propeller prime mover

Efficiency of gas-
turbine power plant
can be increased
significantly by
combining with
steam power cycle
=> combined cycle
gas turbine (CCGT)
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
Jet propulsion cycle:
1 - 2 Air pressure increased slightly in diffuser
2 - 3 Air is compressed in compressor
3 - 4 Heat addition (combustion) process in burner at constant pressure
4 - 5 Partial expansion of exhaust gas in turbine, producing just
enough power to drive compressor and other auxiliaries
5 - 6 Gas expansion in the nozzle to ambient pressure at high velocity
6 - 1 Heat rejection to surrounding at constant pressure
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Turbofan engine

Turboprop engine
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Carnot Cycle Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle Stirling & Ericsson Cycle Brayton Cycle

Summary
Gas power cycles => Heat engines P T
with gas as working fluid 3
3
Qin Qin
Otto cycle => spark ignition
internal combustion engine 2 4 2 4
Diesel cycle => compression Qout
1 1 Qout
ignition internal combustion engine v s

Brayton cycle => open cycle gas turbine