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The Gettler Chloride Test
To determine the victim that dead in fresh or
saltwater.
This is analysis of blood in the right and left sides of
the heart.
In freshwater ,the chloride level was high in the right
than on the left.
In saltwater, the chloride level was high in the left than
on the right.
DIFERENT MECHANISM OF DROWNING IN THE
FRESHWATER AND SALTWATER
IN THE FRESWATER :
Much water entering to the alveoli and absorption to
the circulation
Hypervolume and hemodilusion
Ventrikel fibrilation (Hyperkalemia)
Death
IN THE SALTWATER :
Much water entering to the alveoli contain salt.
Water from circulation exits to alveoli
Hypovolume and hemoconsentration
Edema of Lungs
Death
BURNS TRAUMA
Can be divided into five :
1. Flame/Flash
2. Contact
3. Radiant heat
4. Scalding
5. chemical
The definition :
Flame burns : contact of body and flame (flash)
Contact burns : physical contact between the body
and hot object (70 oC or higher)
Radiant heat burns : caused by heat wave
(electromagnetic wave)
Scalding burns : caused by hot liquids (water)
Chemical burns : caused by chemical substance
Flame burns/flash burn
Flash burns are variant of flame burn.
Caused by sudden ignition or explosion of gases.
Typically is a short duration, burn uniformly.
Result in partial-thickness burns and singed hair.
RADIANT HEAT BURN
There is no contact between body and flame, or hot
object.
Initially, the skin appears erythematous and blistered,
with areas of skin slippage.
With prolonged exposure to low heat, the skin will
become light brown and leathery (a welldone turkey).
Initially the hair is intact, if continues long enough,
there will be charring of the body.
The factor determine radiant
heat burn occur :
Temperature of the heat wave
Time of exposure
Clothing of the skin
OR
SEVERITY OF BURN INJURIES
Depends on :
1. The extend of the burned area
2. The severity of the burn
3. The victims age
4. The present of inhalation injuries
In living individual :
The extent of the burn is indicated as the percentage
of total body surface area
This is determined by the rule of nines
The rule of nines
Death caused by fire
It might be :
1. Immediate
2. Delayed
Immediate death
Caused by direct thermal injury to the body or smoke
inhalation
Delayed death
May be two or three days are caused by shock, fluid
loss, or acute respiratory failure and sepsis
HOW TO DISTINGUSH
ANTEMORTEM BURNS POSTMORTEM BURNS
There is erythematous There is not erythematous
surrounding blisters or burns There is not soot in larynx
There is soot in larynx and and trachea
trachea We can not find the livor
The livor mortis will have a mortis with cherry red
cherry-red coloration (mean coloration
carbon monoxide intoxication) Microscopic examination can
Microscopic examination can not be seen signs of
be seen signs of inflammatory inflammatory reaction
reaction
CONCLUSION
Cause of death by Drowning if we find contact with
the water and inhaled the water into the respiratory
tract
There are signs to distinguish ante mortem from post
mortem burns injuries