Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Second Edition
Introduction
The whole is greater than
the sum of its parts.
Aristotle
History
Developed in 1938
A Visual Motor Gestalt Test and Its Clinical Use
- Lauretta Bender
Gestalt function
Integrated
Biologically determined
Responds to stimuli as a whole
Measures visual-motor integration skills in children and
adults from 4 to 85+ years of age
One of the most frequently used instruments in
psychological assessment
Development & Revision
Revision Goals:
Extend measurement scale significantly easier and
significantly harder items were added
Obtain a large and representative sample to reflect
visual-motor skills across
a lifespan (N = 4,000)
Retain as many original
Bender-Gestalt Test items as
possible:
Clinical Uses
Adience-Abience Scale
Measures development of defenses and coping
operations of the personality
Items relating to space and size, organization, changes
in the Gestalt form, and distortion
Psychopathology Scale
Items related to
organization, changes
in the Gestalt form,
and distortions of the
Gestalt
Administration
The test consists of nine figures, each on its 3x5 card.
Recall Phase:
Administered immediately following the copy phase
Examinee is given a new sheet of paper an asked to draw as
many of the designs that were previously shown
Administration Process
Administration Process
Motor Test:
2 4 minutes
Draw a line between the dots in each figure without
touching the borders
Perception Test:
2 4 minutes
Circle or point to a design in each row that best
matches the design in the box
Scoring
Scoring
Global Scoring System used to evaluate each design
the examinee draws during the Copy and Recall
phases
5 point rating scale
Higher scores better performance
The Global Scoring System
0 No resemblance, random drawing, scribbling, lack of design
1 Slight vague resemblance
2 Some moderate resemblance
3 Strong close resemblance, accurate reproduction
4 Nearly perfect
Scoring
Using the different areas of the Observation Form:
Total the raw scores
Record any observations noted during administration
Calculate:
The examinees age
Testtaking times for the Copy and Recall phases
Supplemental tests scores
Percentile ranges
Now refer to the appendixes in the manual for the
corresponding standard scores, percentile ranks, and
other scores.
Scoring
Scoring the supplemental tests:
Motor Test
Criteria for Scoring the Motor Test
1 Line touches both end points and does not leave the box. Line
may touch the border but cannot go over it.
0 Line extends outside the box or does not touch both end points
Perception Test
Each correct response is scored one (1) point
Each incorrect response is scored zero (0) points
Interpretation
Test Scores
Raw scores for Copy and Recall phases are converted
into scaled scores and percentiles
Mean = 100 Classification Labels for Standard Scores
SD = 15 145 - 160 Extremely high or extremely advanced
130 144 Very high or very advanced
Standard 120 129 High or advanced
110 119 High average
Score can
90 109 Average
range from 80 89 Low average
40 to 160 70 79 Low or borderline delayed
55 69 Very low or moderately delayed
40 54 Extremely low of moderately delayed
Test Behavior
Information gained through observation of test-
taking behaviors is crucial
Global Scoring System integrated (age, education,
ethnicity, IQ, test performance, and behaviors)
Indicators of potential behavioral or learning
difficulties: length of task, tracing with finger before
drawing, anchoring, frequent erasures, motor
incoordination
Internal Consistency
Split- Half Reliability
A group average coeffient of .91
Standard Error of Measurement of 4.55
Test-Retest Reliability
Varied from .80 to .87 when corrected for the first
test
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Race/Ethnicity (including Hispanic origin)
4. Geographic Region:
(Northeast, Midwest, South, and West)
5. Socioeconomic Level (Educational Attainment)
Age and Sex
21 age groups, differing in size and age, were defined