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Definition
acquired chronic optic neuropathy characterized
by optic disk cupping and visual field loss
usually associated with elevated intraocular
pressure
majority of cases no associated ocular disease
(primary glaucoma)
Classification
Mechanism of raised intraocular pressure in
glaucoma
impaired outflow of aqueous resulting from abnormalities
within the drainage system of the anterior chamber angle
(open-angle glaucoma)
impaired access of aqueous to the drainage system
(angle-closure glaucoma)
Physiology of aqueous humor
Pathophysiology
retinal ganglion cell apoptosis thinning of the inner
nuclear and nerve fiber layers of the retina and
axonal loss in the optic nerve visual loss
intraocular pressure elevation
acute angle-closure glaucoma (60-80 mmHg) acute
ischemic damage to the iris with associated corneal edema
and optic nerve damage
primary open-angle glaucoma (intraocular pressure does not
usually rise above 30 mm Hg) retinal ganglion cell damage
develops over a prolonged period, often many years
normal-tension glaucoma retinal ganglion cells may be
susceptible to damage from intraocular pressures in the
normal range
major mechanism of damage may be optic nerve head
ischemia
Clinical assessment
Tonometry
The most widely used instrument is the Goldmann
applanation tonometer
The normal range of intraocular pressure is 1021 mm Hg
In the elderly, average intraocular pressure is higher,
giving an upper limit of 24 mm Hg
In primary open-angle glaucoma, 3250% of affected
individuals will have a normal intraocular pressure when
first measured
Conversely, isolated raised intraocular pressure does
not necessarily mean that the patient has primary
open-angle glaucoma, since other evidence in the form
of a glaucomatous optic disk or visual field changes is
necessary for diagnosis
Gonioscopy
If it is possible to
visualize the full
extent of the
trabecular
meshwork, the
scleral spur, and the
iris processes, the
angle is open
unable to see
Schwalbe's line
means that the angle
is closed
Optic disk assessment
Visual field examination
Medical treatment
Suppression of Aqueous Production
Topical beta-adrenergic blocking agents
Timolol maleate 0.25% and 0.5%, betaxolol 0.25% and
0.5%, levobunolol 0.25% and 0.5%, metipranolol 0.3%,
and carteolol 1% solutions twice daily
timolol maleate 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5% gel once daily
in the morning
Apraclonidine (0.5% solution three times daily and 1%
solution before and after laser treatment)
Brimonidine (0.2% solution twice daily)
Systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
acetazolamide (125250 mg up to four times daily)
Facilitation of Aqueous Outflow
prostaglandin analogs
bimatoprost 0.003%, latanoprost 0.005%, and
travoprost 0.004% solutions, each once daily at night
unoprostone 0.15% solution twice daily
Parasympathomimetic agents
Carbachol 0.753%
Epinephrine, 0.252% instilled once or twice daily
Reduction of Vitreous Volume
Hyperosmotic agents
Oral glycerin (glycerol), 1 mL/kg of body weight in a
cold 50% solution mixed with lemon juice
Miotics, Mydriatics, and Cycloplegics
Constriction of the pupil is fundamental to the
management of primary angle-closure glaucoma and the
angle crowding of plateau iris
Pupillary dilation is important in the treatment of angle
closure secondary to iris bomb due to posterior
synechiae
angle closure is secondary to anterior lens displacement,
cycloplegics (cyclopentolate and atropine) are used to
relax the ciliary muscle and thus tighten the zonular
apparatus in an attempt to draw the lens backward
Surgical & Laser Treatment
Peripheral Iridotomy, Iridectomy, and Iridoplasty
Laser Trabeculoplasty
Glaucoma Drainage Surgery
Trabeculectomy
bypass the normal drainage channels, allowing direct
access from the anterior chamber to the
subconjunctival and orbital tissues
Viscocanalostomy and deep sclerectomy with
collagen implant
Goniotomy
Cyclodestructive Procedures
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
four times more common and six times more
likely to cause blindness in blacks
1.292% of persons over age 40, rising to 4.7% of
persons over age 75 (U.S.)
Pathology features
Elevation of intraocular pressure is a consequence of
obstruction of aqueous outflow by occlusion of the
trabecular meshwork by the peripheral iris
Risk factors
age, female gender, family history of glaucoma, and
South-East Asian, Chinese, or Inuit ethnic background
Diagnosis
examination of the anterior segment and careful
gonioscopy
primary angle closure has resulted in optic nerve damage
and visual field loss
Katarak
KATARAK
Keterangan
Definisi Keadaan kekeruhan pada lensa kristalina
(baik korteks maupun intinya)
Epidemiologi Biasanya pada usia lanjut, akan tetapi
dapat juga akibat kelainan kongenital, atau
penyulit mata lokal menahun