ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Presentation by
S Bhargava Reddy
 Unit 1

Multistage amplifiers
Syllabus
BJT and FET RC Coupled Amplifiers Frequency Response. Cascaded
Amplifiers. Calculation of Band Width of Single and Multistage Amplifiers. Concept
of Gain Bandwidth Product.
 Introduction
The main application of transistor circuits is
to amplify the weak signals. A good amplifier
circuit should have the following characteristics.
Gain should be high
Input impedance should be high
Output impedance should be low
Bandwidth(frequency response) should be large
 General Frequency Considerations
The frequency response of an amplifier refers to the frequency range in which the
amplifier will operate with negligible effects from capacitors and device internal
capacitance. This range of frequencies can be called the mid-range.
Example
 BJT Amplifier Low-Frequency Response

At low frequencies, coupling

capacitor (CS, CC) and bypass
capacitor (CE) reactances
affect the circuit impedances.
BJT Amplifier High-Frequency Response
Capacitances that affect the
high-frequency response are

Junction capacitances
Cbe, Cbc, Cce

Wiring capacitances
Cwi, Cwo

Coupling capacitors
CS, CC

Bypass capacitor
CE
BJT Amplifier Frequency Response

Note the highest lower cutoff frequency (fL) and the lowest upper cutoff
frequency (fH) are closest to the actual response of the amplifier.
Multi stage amplifiers

Many applications cannot be handle with single-transistor amplifiers in

order to meet the specification of a given amplification factor, input resistance and
output resistance.
As a solution transistor amplifier circuits can be connected in series or
cascaded amplifiers.

The overall gain can be calculated by simply multiplying each gain together.

Av = Av1Av2Av3
 For this inter-stage coupling, different types of
coupling elements can be employed or used.
Those are :
RC coupling, Transformer coupling, Direct
coupling
RC coupled amplifier
In RC coupled amplifier using
transistors the output signal of first-stage is
coupled to the input of the next stage through
coupling capacitor and resistive load at the
output terminal of stage.
 2 stage RC coupled amplifier

To obtain greater amplification.

Achieve desired values of i/p and o/p resistances.
 Cascode Configuration

It is a cascade of CE and CB amplifiers

Cascode amplifier is appropriate for
wide band amplification and high
frequency amplification.
 Darlington Configuration

R1 R2

Vo
It has very high input resistance, low
output resistance, unity voltage gain
and high current gain.
Vi
It can act as excellent buffer.
 Multistage Frequency Effects
Each stage will have its own frequency response, but
the output of one stage will be affected by capacitances in the
subsequent stage. This is especially so when determining the
high frequency response.
Once the cutoff frequencies have been determined for each
stage (taking into account the shared capacitances), they can
be plotted.
 f cl
f '
1
f cu 2 1
cl ' n
2
1
n
1 f cu

Note the highest lower cutoff frequency (fL) and the lowest upper cutoff frequency
(fH) are closest to the actual response of the amplifier.
 Gain Bandwidth Product

The gain bandwidth product (GBW) for an amplifier is the

product of the open loop gain (constant for a given amplifier)
and its 3 dB bandwidth.
This quantity allows circuit designers to determine the
maximum gain that can be extracted from the device for a
given frequency (or bandwidth) and vice versa.
When adding LC circuits to the input and output of an
amplifier the gain raises and the bandwidth decreases, but the
product remains constant.
 Summary
The circuits gain, (or loss) at each frequency point
helps us to understand how well (or badly) the circuit
can distinguish between signals of different
frequencies.
For multistage amplifiers, the individual stages have
an effect on the overall response.
 Unit 2

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
Syllabus
Concept of Feedback Amplifiers Effect of Negative feedback on the
amplifier Characteristics. Four Feedback Amplifier Topologies. Method of Analysis of
Voltage Series, Current Series, Voltage Shunt and Current Shunt feedback
Amplifiers.
 Feedback Amplifier
Feedback is a technique where a proportion of the
output of a system (amplifier) is fed back and
recombined with input
input A output

b
There are 2 types of feedback amplifier:
a. Positive feedback
b. Negative feedback
 Positive Feedback
Positive feedback is the process when the output is
added to the input, amplified again, and this process
continues.

input A output
+

Positive feedback is usedbin the design of oscillator

and other application.
 Negative Feedback
Negative feedback is when the output is
subtracted from the input.

input A output

b
The use of negative feedback reduces the gain.
Part of the output signal is taken back to the
input with a negative sign.
 Advantages of Negative Feedback
Less sensitive to internal disturbances
Bandwidth increases
Noise reduces
Reduction in non linearity
Input and output impedances can be controlled

Disadvantages of Negative Feedback

Overall amplifier gain is reduced compared to that of basic
amplifier.
Possibility that feedback circuit will become unstable and
oscillate at high frequencies.
 Feedback Amplifier - Concept

Basic structure of a single - loop feedback amplifier

Sampling types
Types of mixing
 Classification of Amplifiers
amplifiers are categorized into 4 basic
categories based on their input (parameter to
be amplified voltage or current) & output
signal relationships
Voltage amplifier (series-shunt)
Current amplifier (shunt-series)
Transconductance amplifier (series-series)
Transresistance amplifier (shunt-shunt)
Voltage series

Current Series
Current shunt

Voltage-Shunt
 Summary
Feedback type Input resistance Output resistance

Voltage series Decreases Increases

Voltage shunt Increases Decreases
Current series Decreases Increases
Current shunt Increases Decreases
 Unit 3

SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS
Syllabus
Condition for oscillations LC Oscillators Hartley, Colpitts, Clapp and
Tuned Collector Oscillators Frequency and amplitude Stability of Oscillators
Crystal Oscillators RC Oscillators -- RC Phase Shifted and Wein bridge Oscillators.
 Oscillators are circuits that produce a continuous signal of some type without the need
of an input.
They can produce sinusoidal square, pulse, triangular, or saw tooth wave shape.
They are also called signal generators, used to test performance of electronic circuits.
Oscillators are of two types
1. sinusoidal oscillators
2. Relaxation oscillators

1. Sinusoidal oscillators
a. RC Oscillator
b. LC oscillator
 Feedback Oscillator Principles

Positive feedback circuit used as an oscillator

When switch at the amplifier input is open, no oscillation occurs.
Consider Vi,, results in Vo=AVi (after amplifier stage) and Vf = b(AVi)
(after feedback stage)
Feedback voltage Vf = b(AVi) where bA is called the loop gain.
In order to maintain Vf = Vi , bA must be in the correct magnitude
and phase.
 The gain with positive feedback is given as

(1) If A < 1, we get decaying of damped

oscillations.

(2) If A > 1, we get growing oscillations.

(3) If A = 1, we get sustained oscillations. In

this case, the circuit supplies its own input
signal.
 Design Criteria for oscillators
|Ab| equal to unity or slightly larger at the
desired oscillation frequency.
Barkhaussen criterion, |Ab|=1

Total phase shift, of the loop gain must be 0

or 360.
 Phase Shift Oscillator

To sustain oscillations Gain A > 29

1
The condition to resonate the circuit is fr
2 6 RC
Frequency range up to 1KHz

Drawback is it operate for fixed frequency and gain depend on feed back
 Wein bridge Oscillator

To sustain oscillations Gain A =3

1
The condition to resonate the circuit is 0
RC
Frequency range up to 100 KHz

This circuit operate for variable frequency and gain independent of feedback
 Hartly Oscillator

To sustain oscillations Gain A L2
L
1
1
The condition to resonate the circuit is o
L1 L2 C
Frequency range up to 30 MHz

Drawback is it operate for fixed frequency and gain depend on feed back
 Colpitts Oscillator

C1
To sustain oscillations Gain A
C2
1
The condition to resonate the circuit is o
CC
L 1 2
Frequency range up to 300 MHz C1 C2

Drawback is it operate for fixed frequency and gain depend on feed back
 Clapp Oscillator

C
To sustain oscillations Gain A 1
C
2
1
The condition to resonate the circuit is o
LCeq
Frequency range > 300 MHz

This circuit operate for variable frequency and gain independent of feedback
 Crystal Oscillator
Crystal oscillators operate on the principle of inverse piezoelectric effect
in which an alternating voltage applied across the crystal surfaces causes it
to vibrate at its natural frequency.
In crystal oscillators, the crystal is suitably cut and mounted between two
metallic plates as shown by Figure

In reality, the crystal behaves like a series RLC circuit, formed by the
components
A low-valued resistor RS
A large-valued inductor LS
A small-valued capacitor CS which will be in parallel with
the capacitance of its electrodes Cp.
 1
Series Resonant Frequency, s
LsCs

1
Parallel Resonant frequency, p
CsC p
Ls
Cs C
p

To sustain the oscillations s o p

Crystal oscillators are more stable and accurate

 Summary
Sinusoidal oscillators operate with positive feedback
Two conditions for oscillation are 0 feedback phase shift and
feedback loop gain of 1
The selection of oscillator circuit depend on the type of
application
 Unit 4

LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

Syllabus
Class A power Amplifier, Maximum Value of Efficiency of Class A Amplifier,
Transformer coupled amplifier Push-Pull Amplifier Complimentary Symmetry
Circuits (Transformer Less Class B Power Amplifier) Phase Inverters, Transistor
Power Dissipation, Thermal Runaway, Heat Sinks.
 Course Outcome
Able to perform simple DESIGN and EVALUATE
A, B and AB classes of BJT amplifiers, in terms of their
frequency response, equivalent circuit, thermal
management (power dissipation) and gain.
Introduction
Earlier discussion is about small signal amplifiers
Power amplifiers are used to deliver a relatively high amount
of power, usually to a low resistance load.
Typical output power rating of a power amplifier will be 1W or
higher
Ideal power amplifier will deliver 100% of the power it draws
from the supply to load. In practice, this can never occur.
For power amplifier the main considerations are
a. Power handling capability
b. Efficiency
 Unit 5

LINEAR WAVE SHAPING &

MULTI VIBRATORS
Syllabus
Linear wave shaping: High pass, Low pass RC circuits-response for sinusoidal, Step,
Pulse, Square and Ramp inputs, Clippers and Clampers
Multi-Vibrators: Analysis of Diode and transistor switching times, Analysis and
Design of Bistable, Monosatable and Astable Multi-vibrators, Schmitt trigger Using
Transistors.