Lecture Presentation

Inorganic Chemistry
1
(Ionic Compounds & Bonding Theory in
Complexes Compounds)

By :
Agung Nugroho CS,S.Pd.,M.Sc.
 Lesson 11
Structure of crystal lattices
Lattice energy
 Objectives
Understand ionic compound of crystal lattice
Understand the definiton of lattice energy
Calculate lattice energy of ionic compound
 The Crystalline State
Single crystals comprise an innite array of
ions, atoms, or molecules, known as a
crystal lattice.
For crystals comprising ions and metal
atoms, the lattice may be thought of as
regular packing of hard spheres.
 The Unite Cell
The smallest repeating unit of an extended
crystal lattice is known as the unit cell,
which governs the symmetry and structure
of the overall bulk crystal.
 Structure of Ionic Compounds
Crystal Lattice
The sodium chloride structure, NaCl
The cesium chloride structure, CsCl

The zinc blende and wurtzite structure, ZnS

The fluorite structure, CaF

The rutile structure, TiO2

etc.
 Sodium Chloride Structure

Crystal lattice : fcc, geometric : octahedral,

Coordination : 6,6
Compounds with NaCl structure
MgO MgS LiH
CaO CaS NaF
SrO SrS NaCl
BaO BaS NaBr
TiO MgSe NaI
MnO CaSe AgF
FeO BaSe AgCl
NiO CaTe AgBr
 Cesium Chloride Structure

Crystal lattice : primitive cubic, Geometric

: primitive cubic, Coordination : 8,8
Compound with CsCl structure
CsCl NH4Br
CsBr TlCl
CsI TlBr
CsCN TlI
NH4Cl
Zinc Blende Structure

Crystal lattice : fcc

Flourite Structure

Crystal lattice : fcc

 Lattice Energy
Lattice Energy or Lattice Enthalpy is defined
as either the:
1. The enthalpy change that occurs when one mole
of a solid ionic crystal is broken into its ions in
the gaseous state, at standard temperature and
pressure. Because all the bonds in the ionic
lattice are broken, it is an endothermic
process, H is positive.
2. The enthalpy change that occurs when one mole
of a solid ionic crystal is formed form its ions in
the gaseous state, at standard temperature and
pressure. Because all the bonds in the ionic
lattice are made, it is an exothermic process,
H is negative.'
Remember that bond breaking is
endothermic and bond making
is exothermic
 Conclusion
The energy of the crystal lattice of an ionic
compound is the energy released when ions
come together from infinite separation to form a
crystal :
M+(g) + X-(g) MX(s)
The theoretical treatment of the ionic lattice
energy was initiated by Born and Lande, and a
simple equation for predicting lattice energies
bears their name derivation. The formula is
called Born-Lande equation.
 ddU/dr = 0

Energy Curves for an ion pair M+, X-

 Z Z
Ec
4 0r

Ec
Z Z
4 0r Born-Lande Equation

Born-Lande equation is quite succesfull in

predicting accurate values of lattice energy of
ionic compounds.
It requires only a knowledge of the crystal
structure (in order to choose the correct for
Madelung constant, A) and the interionic
distance, r0, both of which are readily available
from X-ray diffraction studies.
 Kapustinskii said that the Madelung constant,
distane between cationic and anionic, and
empiric formula from its ionic compounds is
correlate.
He was suggested that is ionic compound that
isnt known of its crystal structure, the value of
lattice energy can be predicted based on
equation :
 Factors affecting the size of the
lattice enthalpy
Recall that lattice enthalpy is defined as the
enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of a
solid ionic crystal is broken into its ions in the
gaseous state, at standard temperature and
pressure.
Its magnitude (size) depends on the size (radius)
and charge on the positive and negative ions and
can be represented using the following
relationship.
 As the lattice enthalpy increases the ionic lattice
becomes more stable. This is because the
electrostatic attraction between the positive and
negative ions becomes stronger, so more energy
is needed to break apart the ions.
Consider the following data:
 Remember !!!
When the charge increases the lattice enthalpy
increases
When the radius increases the lattice enthalpy
decreases
 Therefore the lattice enthalpy will be greatest
from a small sized ion with a large charge. The
charge on the ion causes the lattice energy to
increase more than the size of the ion (ionic
radius).
Why is the lattice enthalpy affected in this way?
According to coulombs law a theoretical
mathematical model used to explain lattice
enthalpies the size of the force of attraction F of
one ion for another is given by the formula:
 This formula shows that increasing the charge
on either ion will increase the force between
them.
Decreasing the size of one or both ions will
decrease the distance between them and thus
increase the attractive force.
 Factors affecting the magnitude
of lattice energy
Effect of ionic size
 Effect of ionic charge
 Lattice energy increases with the charge on the
ions.
It also increases with decreasing size of ions.
Trend of Lattice Energy
The end