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Introduction*
Dr. L. K. Gaafar
*Based on information from Groover, 2001. Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated
Manufacturing.
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The Production System
Manufacturing
support systems
Manufacturing facilities:
factory, equipment
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Discrete Manufacturing
Variety
MH Complexity
Job shop
Batch Production
Mass Production
Quantity
Automation
Specialization
Skills
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Discrete Manufacturing
■ Mass production*
– Automation easily justified
– Objectives: (1) reduce operation cycle time, (2) increase system reliability
– Line is rarely changed - setup time not critical
– Inflexible: not suitable for products with many options or limited
production runs
* Check the textbook on the two types: quantity and flow line
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Discrete Manufacturing
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Discrete Manufacturing
■ Batch production
– Products produced in batches, lots or groups
– Trade-off between job shop and mass production
– Single setup for each batch
– Increase batch size, but increase in waiting time, WIP and inventory
result
– Objectives are same as job shop
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Facility Layout
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Facility Layout
■ Process layout
– For small, discrete-parts manufacturing
– Machines are grouped into departments according to type of
operation
– Advantages: work schedule more flexible
– Disadvantages: WIP is large (cost in inventory and storage
space), high material handling cost, larger batches are made than
are required (to justify setup), difficulty in maintaining control of
parts, highest skill level required from operators
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Facility Layout
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Facility Layout
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Facility Layout
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Example Industries
■ Aerospace
– Typically, complex, three-dimensional shapes, exotic materials, medium-
volume to low-volume production quantities
– Military and space technology filters down to industrial applications
– Pioneered work in NC machining, CAD/CAM, composites and flexible
manufacturing system applications
– Goals: energy efficiency, high strength-to-weight ratio
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Example Industries
■ Automotive
– Relatively large production quantities, multiple options: automated assembly
is difficult
– Traditionally, primary processes were metalworking: machining of power
train parts, forming and bending sheet metal; assembly by spot welding and
mechanical fasteners; finishing by spray painting and plating
– New materials: plastics, fiberglass
– Increasing automation: robots for spot welding and spray painting
– Improved quality with production groups that assemble large portions of the
automobile
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Example Industries
■ Chemical
– Chemical processes for man-made fibers and plastics, oil distillation and pharmaceutical
industries
– Continuous flow of product and byproducts; some batch processing
– reasonably easy to automate
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Example Industries
■ Food
– Large volume industry
– Standard products and operations, therefore reasonably
easy to automate
– Many products use continuous processes; discrete
processes includes packaging
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Example Industries
■ Semiconductor
– Large volume industry
– Emphasis on design and production of low-cost integrated
circuits
– Smaller size and more stringent requirements for
cleanliness
– Process requirements have forced automation
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Reasons for Automating
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Reasons for Automating
■ Reduce work-in-process
parts being processed, part waiting to be processed
large WIP: longer time to fill orders, more storage space, value of
unfinished goods that could be invested elsewhere
reduced WIP: better control and scheduling
■ Reduce manufacturing lead time
processing time, setup time, waiting time
setup time: flexible automation, common fixtures and tooling
processing time: combining or eliminating operations, increase
speed (work measurement principles)
■ Increase quality
repeatable operations through every cycle - tighter control limits,
easier detection when process is out of control
status of manufacturing operations
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Reasons for Automating
■ Increase productivity
■ Reduce labor cost
■ Address labor shortages
■ Reduce or eliminate routine manual and clerical tasks
■ Health and Safety
■ May be the only option
■ Stay up-to-date (avoid cost of catching up)
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OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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Automated Manufacturing Systems
■ Machines
■ Transfer lines
■ Assembly
■ Material Handling
■ Inspection (coordinate measuring machines, CMM)
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Computer Aided
■ CAD
■ CAE
■ CAPP
■ CAM
■ CIM
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Types of Automation
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Types of Automation
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Types of Automation
■ Flexible Automation (FMS)
– Extension of programmable automation
– No time lost for change over
– High investment in custom-engineered systems
– Production of product mix
– Flexibility to deal with design variations
– Low to medium quantities
– Compromise between fixed and programmable automation in speed
and flexibility
– Advantage: programming and setup performed off-line
– More expensive - size and tool change capabilities
– Small batch sizes are justified - reduced WIP and lead time
– Typical parts are expensive, large and require some complex
machining
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Manual Labor in Automated Systems
■ Strengths of Humans
– Sense unexpected stimuli
– Develop new solutions to problems
– Cope with abstract problems
– Adapt to change
– Generalize from observations
– Learn from experience
– Make difficult decisions based on incomplete data
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Manual Labor in Automated Systems
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Manual Labor in Automated Systems
Even if all of the manufacturing systems in the factory are
automated, there will still be a need for the following kinds of
work to be performed:
•Equipment maintenance. Maintain and repair, improve the
reliability, of automated systems.
•Programming and computer operation.
•Engineering project work. Upgrades, design tooling, continuous
improvement.
•Plant management.
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AUTOMATION PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES
USA Principle:
1. Understand the existing process
2. Simplify the process
3. Automate the process
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AUTOMATION PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES
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AUTOMATION PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES
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Historical Development of Manufacturing
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Historical Development of Manufacturing
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Historical Development of Manufacturing
1921 Jigs and fixtures used in the jig-boring machine to make rifles
and revolvers -- Enfield, England
1930 First automatic factory -- Made chassis frames for cars: one
every six seconds
1952 First commercial NC machine
1962 First industrial robot
1963 Electro-coating methods for painting car bodies is developed
1964 Technique for fast-breaking electric motors developed --
machine tools can now be stopped quickly
1985 First products manufactured in space went on sale -- tiny
plastic beads, perfectly round and uniform in size
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Cowboy after OSHA, by J. N. Devin ( 1972)
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