NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

PART 7: CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT, PRACTICES AND
SAFETY

BY:-
- P. Bhanu (AH17132)
- R. Aishwarya (AH17138)
- Rishi Ghael (AH17140)
- Sakthi Ramkumar (AH17145)
- Shubham Aggarwal (AH17157)
- Vaibhav Mase (AH17170)
SCOPE
1. SCOPE:-
Construction is a process in which an organization takes on a project, assigns a
team to build it, and provides systems with the team can complete the work.

Construction project management, construction planning, site management and

building construction practices,storage,stacking and handling of materials and
safety of personnel during construction operations along with repairs, retrofitting
and strengthening of buildings is mainly considered.

Sustainable building construction practices concerned to Approach to

Sustainability.

Provisions relating to maintenance management for Asset and Facility

Management.
 TERMINOLOGY:-
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Equipment, which may be mobile,semipermanent or permanent, intended for works
such as earthmoving, lifting containers or materials, drilling holes in site ,or concrete
application including Safety devices.

FLOOR HOLE
An opening measuring less than 300 mm,but more than 25mm in least dimension, in
any floor, platform or pavement ,through which materials but not persons may fall.
Eg:- Belt opening and pipe opening.

FLOOR OPENING
An opening measuring 300 mm or more in its least dimension, in any floor, platform or
pavement through which person may fall.
Eg:- Ladder Opening,pit or large manhole.
 TERMINOLOGY:-
GUARD RAILING
A barrier erected along exposed edges of an open side floor opening,wall
opening,ramp,platform or balcony,etc to prevent fall of persons.

MATERIALS HANDLING HOISTS

A platform or bucket exclusively meant for the lifting or lowering of construction
material,the hoists being operated from a point outside the conveyance.

PILE RIG
The complete pile driving equipment comprising piling ,frame ,leader, hammer,
extractor and power unit. Pile rig can either be mounted on rafts or mobile unit mounted on
trailers or trucks.

PLATFORM
A working space for persons, elevated above the surrounding floor or ground, such as
balcony or platform for the operation of machinery and equipment.
 TERMINOLOGY:-
SCAFFOLD
A temporary structure consisting of standards, ledgers made of bamboo,Ballies,timber or metal
to provide a working platform for workers and materials in course of
construction,maintenance,repairs and demolition and also to support or allow hoisting of workers,
their tools and materials.

TOE BOARD
A vertical barrier erected along exposed edge of a floor opening,wall opening, platform or ramp
to prevent fall of materials or persons.

WALL HOLE
An opening in any wall or partition having height of less than 750 mm but more than 25mm and
width unrestricted.

WALL OPENING
An opening in any wall or partition having both height of at least 750 mm and width of at least
450 mm.
 AN OVERVIEW:-
Construction Planning and site management, plays an important role in smooth progress of
a building construction activity.

The knowledge of technical provisions in regard to various building components starting

from sub-structure to super-structure play a key role in achieving the quality of construction.

Goals of safety during construction of buildings should be covered in addition to quality,

durability and finishing.

Repairs, Retrofitting and Strengthening of buildings of both existing and new building.

Habitat and welfare requirements for workers deals with requirements for construction
workers at site.

The objective of universal design and accessibility is to ensure that all users are able to
access all facilities within the built environment.
1. CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
 Project : A project is generally a non-recurring task having a definable
beginning and end, with a definite mission and has a set of objectives and
achievements.
Stakeholder : Stakeholder is a person, group of persons or
organizations who are actively involved in the project or those who have an
interest in the success of a project and its environment.
Construction Project Delivery Models
(a) Traditional design-bid-build,
(b) Design-build with variants,
(c) Turn-key and
(d) Build, operate and transfer and its variants.

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CONTD...

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Organizational Structures

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 STAGES OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

Project formulation and appraisal stage:

1) Inception,
2) Feasibility, and
3) Strategic planning
Pre-construction stage:
1) Project development,
2) Planning for construction, and
3) Tender action.
Construction stage
Commissioning and handing over stage. 12
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
a)Scope management
b) Procurement management
c) Time management
d) Cost management
e) Quality management
f) Risk management,
g) Communication management,
h) Human resources management,
j) Health and safety management,
k) Sustainability management,
m) Integration management
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n) Other management processes
2. CONSTRUCTION
PLANNING AND
SITE
MANAGEMENT
 PLANNING ASPECTS

Construction planning aspects aim to identify and develop various stages of project
execution on site which should be consistent with the management considerations.
These objectives could relate to the time constraints, cost considerations, quality
standards, safety standards, environmental considerations and health
considerations.
Pre-construction Phase
During preconstruction phase we should adress all the issues related to
the implementation of the design at the site through suitable construction
strategy.
The selection of construction methods, building systems and materials,
components, manpower and equipment and techniques are best done in
the preconstruction phase.
Construction in busy localities of cities needs special considerations and
meticulous planning.
Construction practices in disaster prone areas need specific planning.
Construction practices in hilly regions needs to take into considerations the
problem of landslides.
 Resource Planning

Resource planning aims to identify requirement, availability and

regulatory/control processes related to resources.
In construction phases, the resources could be categorized as materials,
manufactured products, equipment for construction, installation and
fabrication.
Resource planning needs to establish a control system for controlling
consumption monitoring.
Construction Phase
Site management should be carried out through suitable site organization
structure with roles and responsibilities assigned to the construction personnel
for various construction related functions.
Organisation Structure
Site Management & Site layout

Easy access and exit, with proper parking of vehicle and equipment during
construction.
Adequate stack areas for bulk construction materials.
Layout of temporary services (water, power, power suppression unit,
hoists, cranes, elevators, etc).
Adequate yard lighting and lighting for night shifts.
Temporary buildings; site office and shelter for workers (see 14) with
use of non-combustible materials as far as possible including
emergency medical aids.
Cont.

Roads for vehicular movement with effective drainage plan.

Fencing, barricades and signages are to be provided to avoid accidents.
Access for firefighting equipment vehicles

Access for firefighting equipment shall be provided to the construction site at

the start of construction and maintained until all construction work is
completed.
Access to the upper floors during construction
In all buildings over two storeys high, atleast one stairway shall be
provided in usable condition at all times. This stairway shall be
extended upward as each floor is completed. There shall be a
handrail on the staircase.
Construction Strategy & Sequence

Construction strategy and construction methods are to be evolved at the

planning and design stage specific to the conditions and constraints of the
project site and implemented by the site management personnel to ensure ease
of construction and smooth flow of construction activities.
Availability of resources like men, material etc.
Planned construction time.
 Cont.

Design requirements and load transfer mechanism;

Stability of ground like in hilly terrain.
Ensuring slope stability with retaining structure before the main construction.
Installation and movement of heavy equipment like cranes and piling equipment.
Effect of weather.
Minimum time to be spent on working below ground level.
3. CONSTRUCTION
PRACTICES
Professional Services and Responsibilities
The responsibility of professionals with regard to planning, designing and
supervision of building construction work, etc. and that of the owner shall
be in accordance with Administration of the Code.

Site Preparation
While preparing the site for construction, bush and other wood, debris, etc.
shall be removed and promptly disposed of so as to minimise the attendant
hazards
Temporary buildings for construction offices and storage shall be so located
as to cause the minimum fire hazards and shall be constructed from
non-combustible materials
Construction of All Elements
It should be ensured that the elements of structure satisfy the
appropriate fire resistance requirements as specified in Part 4
Fire and Life Safety of the Code.
All mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) and other
services in a building shall be installed in accordance with
approved designs.
Quality of building materials/components used shall be in
accordance with Part 5 .Building Materials. of the Code.
Low Income Housing
For low income housing, appropriate planning and selection of
building materials and techniques of construction have to be
judiciously done and applied in practice. Requirements of low
income housing specified in Part 3.Development Control Rules
and General Building Requirements. of the Code shall be
followed.
Use of New/Alternative Construction Techniques
The Authority may approve any such alternative, such as,
ferrocement construction
Pre-engineered steel structures with reinforced concrete
expanded polystyrene core based panel/other in-fill walls
Light gauge steel framed structures with suitable water
resistant wall panels like cement bonded particle board.
Urban Roads/City Roads Planning and Construction
City roads/streets have been under constant development.
Footpaths of various widths and heights are required to be provided.
The objective should be to create urban streets/roads that are efficiently
planned, safe for vehicles as well as pedestrians, universally user friendly,
and sustainable.
The elements required in an efficiently planned street, such as, kerb stones;
kerb channels; kerb ramps; tactile ground surface indicators; silt chambers
with manhole cover; drain cover slabs; drain manhole covers; service
pipes; manhole covers for electrical services; manhole covers for telecom
services; cycle tracks (NMV); bollards across pedestrian paths; tree
gratings etc.
Elements to be Integrated at Planning Stage
Road cross-section planning based on land-use with emphasis
on smooth vehicular movements.
Design of road intersections, fixing of geometrics of roads,
providing provision of entry and exits from the service roads.
Standardization of access manhole covers for various utilities.
Integration of bus queue shelters with the footpath.
Properties integrated with the road through the footpath in
front.
Adequate provision of public conveniences and dust bins.
Low height plantation on central verges , avoiding
plantation of trees.
And many such provisions.
TEMPORARY WORKS
The person organizing the temporary works should be aware of
the problems that can occur at each stage of the process and how
to prevent these.
The cost of any temporary works is generally included in the
build-up of the tender.
Temporary works are often taken from site to site and re-used
and it is important to consider the robustness of components
in their design. However, temporary works that are designed
only to be used during construction shall not be removed until
the satisfactory safety criteria for their use has been met.
Proper planning and co-ordination should be done in respect
of sequence and timely execution of temporary works, as
also for ensuring that they are correctly installed, used, 36

checked and maintained.

Cont.

A local failure within the temporary works should not

initiate a global collapse of the structure. Therefore, additional
care should be taken while removing temporary works.
In each of the cases of temporary works, the person organizing
the temporary works should assess the soil conditions to be
sure that it is suitable for the equipment involved.
Etc.
 Elements of Temporary Structures

Scaffolding
Tower Cranes
Falsework-Temporary structure used to support
other permanent structures.
Formwork
Scaffolding
Tower Cranes
Falsework
Formwork
 STORAGE, STACKING AND HANDLING
PRACTICES

Storage Layout Requirements

Protection Against Atmospheric Agencies
Protection Against Fire and Other Hazards
Manual Handling
Handling Practices
Proper techniques should be used for handling different materials on site. For e.g. Gloves for
handling pointy and delicate items.(glass, steel sections, etc.)
Storage
layout
for
Cement
 4. SAFETY IN
CONSTRUCTION
1. Safety Management :
Safety of Personnel
Reference Building And Other Construction Workers Act, 1996

2. Temporary Construction, Use of side walks and Temporary Encroachments

Plans and specifications should be approved from Authority
These include :
Structures with roof or walls made of straw, hay, ulugrass, golpatta, hogle, darma, mat, canvas cloth
or similar types of materials.
Site-work sheds, truck runways, foot bridges, etc
Special permits for storing materials on side walks or highways. No traffic hazards, ease of
pedestrian traffic
Special permits for use of water and electricity from public facilities. Precaution from drainage
and elimination of contamination and hazards from electricity.
 Adequate temporary protection for adjoining property
Consent of Authority
3. Testing
None of the components should be loaded beyond allowable loads or working stresses
If any doubt arises, the member or component should be tested for 2.5 times the loading and
should sustain it
If not withstanding the tests, the member should be rejected.
4. Inspection and Rectification of Hazardous Defects
INSPECTION :
Authority shall inspect the construction equipment and take action if unsafe
RECTIFICATION :
Owner shall rectify defect or violation within 24 hours of notice from Authority
Authority shall have power to rectify and all expenses incurred by the owner
Illegal encroachments and non-payment of money may vest a lien upon property
All before use
5. Foundations
The distribution shall be such that it should avoid differential settlement
Shall ensure safety of construction workers and residents around
Withdrawal of ground water from surrounding areas
Excavation
In driven piles, possible extent of damages should be ascertained in advance and necessary
precautions.
In bored piles, there shouldnt be movement of soil mass into the hole. If so, it may cause
subsidence of existing foundation
Before carrying out excavation, the position, depth and size of underground structures such
as water pipes, mains, cables and other services must be obtained.
Detailed data of type of soil
6. General Requirements and Common Hazards During Excavation
Location of machinery and tools:
Machinery should be kept at a safe distance away from site
Distance not less than depth of trench or at least 6 m for trench deeper than 6 m
Excavated Materials:
Should be kept back to provide clear berm of safe width
Type of Strata
Overhang and slopes should gradual or step wise for men and machinery
For Blasting, special permit to be taken and prior inspection of soil stability shall be made
Burrowing or mining or gophering shall not be allowed
Where gases or fumes are present, sufficient mechanical ventilation shall be provided.
Safety of materials
Fencing and warning signals
Effects of freezing and thawing
 Vibrations from nearby
Precautions while using petroleum powered equipment
7. Piling and other deep foundations
Qualified and Competent foreman
Lighting of at least 100 lux intensity at night
Barricading/fencing
Service lines
Safety provisions should be displayed well
All personal protective equipment must be kept available
First-Aid kit
8. Walls
Height constructed per day to be restricted
Inspection of scaffolding
Opening in wall : adequate supports against collapse or cracking .
Every opening from which drop more than 1200 mm guarding to be provided by rail roller, picket
fence, etc
9. Roofing
Provide platforms, catch ropes, etc to prevent falling
Flat roofing : Properly designed and executed formwork to be provided
Walking space in reinforcement area

10. Additional Safety Requirements for Erection Structural Steel Work

Skilled Personnel
Proper protective equipment is must
Warning signs
Heavy complicated structural members require special erection devices like cleat and hooks
11. Miscellaneous Items
Staircase construction
Lift wells : Protected with check boards or railings

12.Finishes
Painting, Polishing and other finishes Only the quantity required should be kept at work
spot. 5 kg dry powder fire extinguisher.

13. Electrical Installations and Lifts

Bare or Frayed wires shall not be used for temporary electrical connections
All temp wiring should be installed and inspected by competent electrician
14. General Safety requirements for workplace
Sanitation : adequate toilet facilities . Drinking water .
Fire protection
Clothing : Clothes of workers shouldnt be such that would make them involve in an
accident. No loose garments.
Protective clothing
Safety measures against fall prevention : Safety belts and harnesses
Falling Materials
Disposal of debris
 5. REPAIRS,
RETROFITTING AND
STRENGTHENING
OF BUILDINGS
 Maintenance management of building is the art of
preserving over a long period what has been constructed. Whereas construction
stage lasts for a short period, maintenance continues for comparatively very
large period during the useful life of building. Inadequate or improper
maintenance adversely affects the environment in which people work, thus
affecting the overall output.
PREVENTION OF CRACKS
Cracks in buildings are of common occurrence. A building component develops
cracks whenever stress in the component exceeds its strength.
Cracks could be broadly classified as structural or non-structural. Structural cracks
are those which are due to incorrect design, faulty construction or overloading
and these may endanger the safety of a building.
 REPAIRS AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS:
Non-structural/Architectural Repairs: The buildings affected by
earthquake may suffer both non-structural and structural damages. Non-
structural repairs may cover the damages to civil and electrical items,
including the services in the building. Repairs to non-structural components
need to be taken up after the structural repairs and retrofitting work are
carried out.
Non-structural and architectural components get easily affected/ dislocated
during the earthquake.
These repairs involve one or more of the following:
Patching up of defects such as cracks and fall of plaster;
Repairing doors, windows, replacement of glass panes
Checking and repairing electric conduits/ wiring
 Cont.

Checking and repairing gas pipes, water pipes and plumbing services
Rebuilding non-structural walls, smoke
Re-plastering of walls, as required
Rearranging disturbed roofing tiles
Relaying cracked flooring at ground level
 Structural Repairs/Restoration
Prior to taking up of the structural repairs for restoration of original strength
and any strengthening measures, it is necessary to conduct detailed
damage assessment to determine, the structural condition of the building
to decide whether a structure is amenable for repair;
whether continued occupation is permitted; to decide the structure as a
whole or a part require demolition, if considered dangerous;
if the structure is considered amenable for repair then detailed damage
assessment of the individual structural components (mapping of the crack
pattern, distress location; crushed concrete, reinforcement
bending/yielding, etc). Non-destructive testing techniques could be
employed to determine the residual strength of the members
 Seismic Strengthening
The main purpose of the seismic strengthening is to upgrade the seismic resistance
of a damaged building while repairing so that it becomes safer under future
earthquake occurrences. This work may involve some of the following actions
Increasing the lateral strength in one or both directions by increasing column and
wall areas or the number of walls and columns.
Giving unity to the structure, by providing a
proper connection between its resisting elements, in such a way that inertia
forces generated by the vibration of the building can be transmitted to the
members that have the ability to resist them. Typical important aspects are the
connections between roofs or floors and walls, between intersecting walls and
between walls and foundations.
 Cont.
eliminating features that are sources of weakness or that produce
concentration of stresses in some members. Asymmetrical plan distribution of
resisting members, abrupt changes of stiffness from one floor to the other,
concentration of large masses and large openings in walls without a proper
peripheral reinforcement are examples of defects of this kind.
Strengthening or Retrofitting Versus Reconstruction:
Replacement of damaged buildings or
existing unsafe buildings by reconstruction is, generally, avoided due to a
number of reasons, the
main ones among them being,
a) higher cost than that of strengthening or retrofitting;
b) preservation of historical architecture; and
c) maintaining functional social and cultural environment.
 6.HABITAT AND
WELFARE
REQUIREMENTS FOR
WORKERS
 Habitat site selection criteria
Design of the habitat
Specifications of the living area
Fire and safety requirements
First aid and medical requirements
Security
Waste management
Habitat inspection and monitoring
 HABITAT SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

14.2.1.1 Workers habitat shall be located away from the overhead

Electrical lines.
14.2.1.2 Workers habitat shall be located away from sewage lines,
garbage pits.
14.2.1.3 Site shall not get flooded during monsoon.
14.2.1.4 Site shall be easily accessible from their habitat to work
locations.
 MINIMUM AREA REQUIREMENTS

Min. Floor area per person 3.6m^2

Max. No. Of persons per room 10
Min. Height of the room 2.7m
No. Of bathrooms 1 unit per 15 persons.
 MINIMUM FACILITIES TO BE
PROVIDED IN THE ROOM

Adequate natural light and artificial light.

Adequate ventilation.
Lockable doors and windows.
A separate bed for each worker.
Adequate furniture for each worker.
No day workers should share a room with those of night shifts.
 SANITARY FACILITIES

Every washroom should be partitioned to secure privacy.

Boards shall be clearly displayed stating for men only and for
women only.
It should be conveniently situated.
Walls should be white washed or colour washed once in every 6
months.
Should be cleaned always.
Septic tanks shall be located 18m away from the wells.
 DRINKING WATER FACILITIES

Sufficient quantity of potable water shall be made

available for drinking and should be monitored.
It should be placed 6m away from the washing place.
Sampling and testing of water for checking its conformity.
Storage tanks should be cleaned regularly.
 FIRST AID FACILITIES

It should be established with required medical facilities.

Trained doctors shall be employed.
An emergency vehicle must be available at any hour.
Health check up for all the workers must be done once in
every 6 months.
 FIRE PREVENTION

Fire extinguishers shall be provided for every 15m.

Diesel generator shed and inflammable liquid storage areas shall be
provided with foam type fire extinguishers and fire buckets.
Electrical fittings shall be flame proof.
No smoking boards shall be displayed in flammable liquid storage
areas.
 SECURITY

Adequate number of security personnel shall be deployed. Specific

security personnel shall be deployed at the main entry gate.
They shall receive adequate training on fire fighting, first aid and
emergency preparedness.
They shall have the emergency lights, torches.
A min. Of 50 lux lighting shall be maintained.
HABITAT INSPECTION & MONITORING

Periodical inspection of the habitat shall be carried out

once a month.
The team shall record their findings on the Inspection
Report form and should be submitted to the Project in
charge.