Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Prof. O. El Masry
Steam Power Cycles
Thermodynamic Cycle
– Work Addition
– Heat Addition
– Work Extraction
– Heat Rejection
Prof. O. El Masry
Carnot Cycle within Steam Dome
TL
Thermal 1
TH
Prof. O. El Masry
Modified Rankine Cycle
Prof. O. El Masry
T-S Diagram for Water/Steam
1000
900
Critical Point
Constant Temperature
800
During Boiling
Te m p e ra tu re (d e g F )
700
500
1000 psia
Boiling
-> Higher Temperature
Saturated Steam
300psia
400
300
Above Critical Point
(~220 bar)
200
-> No Phase
100
Change (No Boiling)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Entropy (Btu/lbm/deg R)
Prof. O. El Masry
Rankine Cycle
Prof. O. El Masry
Rankine Cycle
Steam/Water
Properties
Constant Pressure
1’
Heat Addition
Concept of Average
Temperature of
Heat Addition
Prof. O. El Masry
The Simple Ideal Rankine Cycle
LEGEND
AIR, GAS
STEAM
WATER
Prof. O. El Masry
Ideal Rankine Cycle
• Energy analysis: steady flow process, no generation, neglect KE
and PE changes for all four devices,
• 0 = (net heat transfer in) - (net work out) + (net energy flow in)
• 0 = (qin - qout) - (wout - win) + (hin - hout)
Prof. O. El Masry
Solution (cont.)
(a)The thermal efficiency η=1-qout/qin
=1-1672.6/2586.5=0.353=35.%
(Fig. 9-4)
Prof. O. El Masry
Rankine Cycle Efficiency
• The thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle can be
increased by increasing the average temperature at
which heat is added to the working fluid and/or by
decreasing the average temperature at which heat is
rejected to the cooling medium.
Prof. O. El Masry
9-3
Effect of Lowering Condenser
Pressure on the Ideal Rankine cycle
(Fig. 9-6)
Prof. O. El Masry
Rankine Cycle Efficiency (cont.)
Prof. O. El Masry
Effect of Increasing Boiler Pressure
on the Ideal Rankine cycle
(Fig. 9-8)
Prof. O. El Masry
Rankine Cycle Enhancements
• Superheating decreases the moisture content of the steam at the turbine exit.
• Lowering the exhaust pressure or raising the boiler pressure, however, increases the moisture content.
• For improved efficiencies at higher boiler pressures and lower condenser pressures, steam is usually
reheated after expanding partially in the high-pressure turbine.
Prof. O. El Masry
Rankine Cycle Enhancements
Prof. O. El Masry
Rankine Cycle Enhancements
• The average temperature during the reheat process, and
thus the thermal efficiency of the cycle, can be increased
by increasing the number of expansion and reheat stages.
• As the number of stages is increased, the expansion and
reheat processes approach an isothermal process at
maximum temperature.
• Reheating also decreases the moisture content at the
turbine exit.
Prof. O. El Masry
The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle
(Fig. 9-11)
Prof. O. El Masry
Rankine Cycle Enhancements
Prof. O. El Masry
Rankine Cycle Enhancements
• Notes
Prof. O. El Masry
Feedwater Heaters
• The purpose for feedwater heaters is to
increase the temperature of the boiler
feedwater to a saturated liquid state prior to
entering the boiler
Prof. O. El Masry
Feedwater Heaters
• This temperature would be the saturation
temperature for the boiler pressure
• Minimizing the irreversibilities in the
reheaters can be accomplished by
increasing the feedwater temperatures in
small increments.
Prof. O. El Masry
Feedwater Heaters
• Introducing several feedwater heaters can reduce the
temperature differences and the irreversibilities
• Counterflow heaters can also reduce temperature
differences and irreversibilities
• Feedwater heaters can have three stages for the
extracted steam:
• a de-superheater (for superheated extraction)
• a condenser
• A drain cooler
Prof. O. El Masry
Feedwater Heaters
• de-superheater
• condenser
• drain cooler
Prof. O. El Masry
Open Feedwater Heaters
Prof. O. El Masry
Open Feedwater Heaters
• Open feedwater heaters are also used as deaerators
because the open feedwater liberates non-condensing
gasses that are vented to the atmosphere
Prof. O. El Masry
Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle
with Open Feedwater Heater
(Fig. 9-15)
Prof. O. El Masry
Steam Turbines
Prof. O. El Masry
12/07/21
THE CONCEPT OF PRODUCING
ELECTERCITY