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SITE ANALYSIS

SURVEYING TECHNIQUES
AND INSTUMENTS USED
GROUP MEMBERS

A.AUXILLIA JERINE 101115006

K.MRUDHULA 101115016

M.SUKANYA 101115020

K.SRIHITHA 101115039
SURVEYING

 Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of


determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the
distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is
called a land surveyor. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth
USED FOR

• establishing land maps


• legal boundaries for land ownership
• the surface location of subsurface features
. • property sales.
• Transport and communications
• other purposes required by government or civil law
TYPES OF LAND SURVEYING

Local professional organisation or regulatory bodies classify specializations of


surveying in different ways. Broad groups are:
 A.L.T.A. Survey or Extended Title Insurance Coverage Survey
 Boundary Survey
 Topographic Survey
 Site Planning Survey
 Subdivision Survey
 Control Survey
 Court Exhibit Survey
 Construction Survey
 A.L.T.A. Survey or Extended Title Insurance Coverage Survey: A survey
made for the purpose of supplying a title company and lender with survey
and location data necessary for issuing American Land Title Association or
Extended Coverage Title Insurance.
 Boundary Survey: A survey for the express purpose of locating the corners
and boundary lines of a given parcel of land. This involves record and field
research, measurements, and computations to establish boundary lines in
conformance with the Professional Land Surveyor Act. Easement lines may
also be located and/or established with this type of survey.
 Topographic Survey: A survey locating topographic features - natural and man
made - such as buildings, improvements, fences, elevations, trees, streams,
contours of the land, etc. This type of survey may be required by a
governmental agency, or may be used by engineers and/or architects for
design of improvements or developments on a site.

 Site Planning Survey: A combination of boundary and topographic surveys for


preparation of a site plan to be used for designing improvements or
developments.
 Subdivision Survey: The subdivision of a tract of land into smaller parcels,
showing monumentation and survey data on a map, in conformance with
local ordinances and the Subdivision Map Act.

 Control Survey: Precise location of horizontal and vertical positions of


points for use in boundary determination, mapping from aerial
photographs, construction staking, and other related purposes.
 Court Exhibit Survey: Analysis of various legal description and survey maps,
field locating of record, existing monuments, and physical features, and
mapping showing this information for the purpose of presenting a visual
exhibit to be used in a courtroom.
 Construction Survey: Construction staking of improvements shown on
improvement plans for control of construction on developments for roads,
buildings, pipelines, etc.
PLANE AND GEODETIC SURVEYING

Based on the considerations and true shape of the earth, surveying is broadly
classified into two types.
 Plane surveying assumes the earth is flat. Curvature and spheroidal shape of
the earth is neglected. In this type of surveying all triangles formed by joining
survey lines are considered as plane triangles. It is employed for small survey
works where errors due to the earth's shape are too small to matter.[14]
 In geodetic surveying the curvature of the earth is taken into account while
calculating reduced levels, angles, bearings and distances. This type of
surveying is usually employed for large survey works.
 Survey works up to 100 square miles (260 square kilometres ) are treated as
plane and beyond that are treated as geodetic. In geodetic surveying
necessary corrections are applied to reduced levels, bearings and other
observations
CHAIN SURVEY

Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. In chain survey only measurements are
taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. are done in the
office. Here only linear measurements are made i.e. no angular measurements are made.
This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. If carefully done,
it gives quite accurate results.
NECESSARY REQUIREMENTS

 Chain
 Tape
 Ranging Rod
 Arrows
 Cross staff
SUTABILITY

Chain survey is suitable in the following cases:

 Area to be surveyed is comparatively small


 Ground is fairly level
 Area is open and
 Details to be filled up are simple and less.
SURVEYING HARDWARE
EQUIPMENT
HARDWARE

The main surveying instruments in use around the world are the
 Theodolite,
 Measuring tape,
 Total station,
 3D scanners,
 GPS/GNSS,
 Level and
 Rod.
Most instruments screw onto a tripod when in use. Tape measures are often used
for measurement of smaller distances. 3D scanners and various forms of aerial
imagery are also used.
THEODOLITE

 The Theodolite is an instrument for the measurement of angles. It uses two


separate circles, protractors or alidades to measure angles in the
horizontal and the vertical plane.
 The Gyrotheodolite is a form of theodolite that uses a gyroscope to orient
itself in the absence of reference marks. It is used in underground
applications.
TOTAL STATION

 The total station is a development of the theodolite with an electronic


distance measurement device (EDM). A total station can be used for
levelling when set to the horizontal plane. Since their introduction, total
stations have shifted from optical-mechanical to fully electronic devices.
 Modern top-of-the-line total stations no longer need a reflector or prism to
return the light pulses used for distance measurements. They are fully
robotic, and can even e-mail point data to a remote computer and
connect to satellite positioning systems, such as Global Positioning
System.
GPS

 GPS systems have increased the speed of surveying, but they are still only
horizontally accurate to about 20 mm and vertically to 30–40 mm.
 GPS surveying differs from other GPS uses in the equipment and methods
used.
 Static GPS uses two receivers placed in position for a considerable length
of time. The long span of time lets the receiver compare measurements as
the satellites orbit. The changes as the satellites orbit also provide the
measurement network with well conditioned geometry. This produces an
accurate baseline that can be over 20 km long
Real Time Kinematic (RTK) surveying

 RTK surveying uses one static antenna and one roving antenna.
 The static antenna tracks changes in the satellite positions and
atmospheric conditions. The surveyor uses the roving antenna to measure
the points needed for the survey. The two antennas use a radio link that
allows the static antenna to send corrections to the roving antenna. The
roving antenna then applies those corrections to the GPS signals it is
receiving to calculate its own position. RTK surveying covers smaller
distances than static methods. This is because divergent conditions further
away from the base reduce accuracy.
Surveying instruments have characteristics that make them suitable for certain uses.
 Theodolites and levels are often used by constructors rather than surveyors in first
world countries. The constructor can perform simple survey tasks using a relatively
cheap instrument.
 Total stations are workhorses for many professional surveyors because they are
versatile and reliable in all conditions.
 The productivity improvements from a GPS on large scale surveys makes them
popular for major infrastructure or data gathering projects.
 One-person robotic-guided total stations allow surveyors to measure without extra
workers to aim the telescope or record data.
 A fast but expensive way to measure large areas is with a helicopter, using a GPS to
record the location of the helicopter and
 a laser scanner to measure the ground. To increase precision, surveyors
place beacons on the ground (about 20 km (12 mi) apart). This method reaches
precisions between 5–40 cm (depending on flight height).[10]
ANCILLARY EQUIPMENTS

 Surveyors use ancillary equipment such as:


 tripods and instrument stands;
 staves and beacons used for sighting purposes;
 PPE; vegetation clearing equipment;
 digging implements for finding survey markers buried over time;
 hammers for placements of markers in various surfaces and structures; and
 portable radios for communication over long lines of sight.
Land surveyors, construction
professionals and civil engineers
using total station, GPS, 3D
scanners and other collector data
use Land Surveying Software to
increase efficiency, accuracy and
productivity. Land Surveying Software
is a staple of contemporary land
SOFTWARE surveying.
THANK YOU
PRESENTATION BY GROUP 09

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