Gas Turbine

Prepared by: Boilersinfo.com

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CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 OPERATION PRINCIPAL & THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE
 INTRODUCTION TO GE GAS TURBINES AT FFC
 LAYOUT OF TURBINE & GENERATOR
 MAIN COMPONENTS & THEIR WORKING
 STARTING EQUIPMENT
 AIR INLET EQUIPMENT
 AIR COMPRESSOR
 VARIABLE INLET GUIDE VANES
 COMBUSTION SECTION
 TURBINE
 EXHAUST SECTION
 GENERATOR
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 TURBINE AUXILARY SYSTEMS & THEIR
WORKING
 GAS FUEL SYSTEM
 LUBE OIL/ HYDRAULIC OIL SYSTEM
 COOLING & SEALING AIR SYSTEM
 ATOMIZING AIR SYSTEM
 COOLING WTER SYSTEM
 FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE OF GAS
TURBINE
 OPERATION PRACTACES & TURBINE
MONITORING
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PRIME MOVERS
 Gas Turbine
 Steam Turbine
 I.C. Engine
 Electric Motor
 Expansion Turbine
 Comparison
 Thermal efficiency of G.T. ~25- 32% whereas in I.C. Engine ~35-45%.
 For the same power output, larger size Engine required as compared to
G.T.
 Maintenance cost at I.C. Engine is much higher than G.T.
 Thermal efficiency of Steam Turbine ~70-80 %.
 Steam turbine requires installation of Boiler, condenser, pumps etc. so
initial capital investment becomes higher.
 Motors becomes un-economical at higher power output because of
in-efficient conversion of energy into electric power.
 Expansion Turbines used to recover waste energy from process. These
supplement the main prime mover.

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GAS TURBINE APPLICATIONS
 Gas Turbine developments in early nineties.
 G. T. available in wide power range ( 7 KW-300 MW )
 Applications.
 Stationary applications
 As a Prime mover for;
 Compressors
 Large Pumps
 Electric Generators
 Mobile Applications
 Aircraft field
 Marine propulsion
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GAS TURBINE OPERATING PRINCIPLE
 Conversion of Chemical Energy of fuel to Mechanical
Energy.
 Air Compressor/Turbine mounted on single shaft are brought to
speed by diesel engine.
 Air Compressor draws atmospheric air & increases its pressure.
 High pressure air flows to combustion chamber where fuel
admitted under pressure.
 Spark ignites fuel/air mixture initially.
 Hot gases at high pressure expand thru Turbine wheels.
 Rotor spins and produces shaft output.
 Part of the shaft output is used internally by air compressor, the
remaining output available for driven unit.
 Gas Turbine Flow Diagram
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THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE
 Thermodynamic Terminologies
 Reversible Process
 Fluid & Surrounding can always be restored to their original state.
 Criteria for Reversibility
 Process must be Frictionless.
 Pressure difference between Fluid & its Surrounding must be infinitely
small.
 Temperature difference between Fluid & its Surrounding must be
infinitely small.

 Ir-reversible Process
 No process in practice is truly Reversible.
 Process in reciprocating piston close to reversibility.
 Process in rotary machinery highly ir-reversible due to high degree of
turbulence.

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 Isothermal or Constant Temperature Process
 In isothermal Expansion heat to be continuously added to keep
temperature at initial value.
 In isothermal Compression heat to be continuously removed to
keep temperature at initial value.
 Isothermal Flow Equation
 PV = CONSTANT (For Perfect Gas)
 Adiabatic Process
 In Adiabatic Process NO heat transfer To or From the fluid.
 Adiabatic Process may be Reversible or Ir-reversible.
 Adiabatic Process flow Equation
 PV γ = CONSTANT (γ= CP / CV)
 For Reversible Adiabatic Process, Temperature/Pressure
relationship
 (T2 / T1) = (P2 / P1) (γ- 1)/γ (For Perfect Gas)
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 Entropy
 Entropy defined as:
 dS = dQ/T
 Change of Entropy of system is Heat added or removed from the system at
constant Temperature.
 For any reversible process ∆S = 0
 For any ir-reversible process ∆S > 0
 Isentropic Process
 The process in which entropy of system remains constant. i.e. ∆S = 0 or ∆Q
=0
 Adiabatic reversible process is called Isentropic process.
 Polytropic Process
 Process in rotary machinery (compressors/turbines) naturally ir-reversible.
i.e. ∆S > 0
 In polytropic process entropy of system does not remains constant.
 PV n = Constant n = 1- ∞ (any number)
 If n = 1 (Isothermal Process)
 n = γ (Adiabatic Process)

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GAS TURBINE CYCLE

1 – 2 : Reversible Adiabatic Compression (Ideal)

1 – 2’ : Ir-reversible Adiabatic Compression (Actual)
2’– 3 : Constant Pressure Heat Supply in combustion chamber
3 – 4 : Reversible Adiabatic Expansion (Ideal)
3 – 4’ : Ir-reversible Adiabatic Expansion ( Actual)
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Thermal Efficiency
 At Compressor, Work Input = CP (T’2 – T1 )
 In Combustion Chamber, Heat Supplied = CP ( T3 – T’2)
 At Turbine, Work Output = CP (T3 – T’4)
 Net Work Output = CP (T3 – T’4 ) – CP (T’2 – T1)
 Thermal Efficiency = Net Work Output / Heat Supplied
= CP (T3 – T’4 ) – CP (T’2 – T1)/CP ( T3 – T’2)
 CP for Compression Process = 1.005 KJ / Kg-KO
 CP for Combustion & Expansion Process = 1.11 KJ / Kg-KO
 Normal Range of Efficiency = 24 – 32 %
 Efficiency of Gas Turbine depends upon max. cycle Temp. (T3)
 Max. cycle Temp. limited by metallurgical considerations.
 The Higher max. cycle Temp. the shorter Turbine Life.
 In aircraft field, max. cycle Temp. usually higher than industrial & marine
propulsion Turbines.
 Different methods of Blades cooling allow max. cycle Temp. to increase to
some extent & thus increasing Turbine Efficiency.
 EXCERCISE
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G E TURBINES AT FFC
 No. of Gas turbine Units at FFC : 02
 Gas Turbine make : General Electric
Co. USA
 Data Summary
 Gas Turbine model series : MS-5001
(Specific model: PG-5341) : Single Shaft Unit
 Gas Turbine application : Generator Drive
 Base out put : 18 MW
 Operation cycle : Simple
 Shaft speed : 5089 rpm
 Air inlet temp. : 43°C
 Exhaust temp. (On Gas fuel) : 482 °C
 Atmospheric Pressure : 0.99 bar
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 Compressor Section
 Compressor type : Axial Flow (Horizontal Split
Casing)
 No. of compressor stages : 17
 Inlet Guide Vanes : Variable
 Turbine Section
 No. of Turbine Stages : 2
 Combustion Section
 Combustors : 10
 ( multiple combustors, reverse flow design)
 Chamber Arrangement : Concentrically (located
around the compressor)
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  Fuel nozzle : Pressure atomizing 1 per chamber
 Spark plugs : 02, Electrical type, spring
injected, self retracting
 Flame detectors : 02, ultra-violet type
 Starting system
 Starting device : Diesel Engine
 Reduction Gear
 Shaft speed ratio : 5089/3000 rpm
 Generator
 Type : air cooled open ventilated
 Rating : 31375 kva
 Rpm : 3000
 Volts : 6300 volts
 Frequency : 50 Hz.
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LAYOUT OF TURBINE & GENERATOR
LOAD GEAR
COUPLING

AIR
INLET TURBINE EXHAUST
PLENUM COMPARTMENT
ACCESSORY COMPARTMENT PLENUM

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 LAYOUT OF G.E GAS TURBINE AT FFC
Generator
Control Accessories Turbine Exhaust Load Gear Electric Generator
Air Inlet Plenum Auxiliary
Compartment Compartment Compartment Plenum Compartment Generator Bearing
Compartment
 Mark-II / V  Starting Diesel  Variable inlet  Axial air  Turning  Reduction  Stator &  Generator  Static
Speedtronic Engine guide vanes. compressor vanes gear Rotor Bearing exciter
System
 Torque  Combustion  Diffuser  Coupling 2  Lubeoil low  Main
 CO2 fire converter chambers pressure breaker
protection  Bearing 2 switch.
system  Jaw clutch  2 stage  Generator
turbine protection
 Battery &  Ratchet devices
Charger
 Accessory gear  Current /
potential
 Coupling 1 transformer
 Bearing 1

 MainLube oil
system

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MAIN COMPONENTS & THEIR WORKING
 STARTING EQUIPMENT
 Diesel Engine make : CUMINS USA
 Engine Power : 465 HP
 Engine rpm : 2100
 Cranking or rotation of Gas turbine Shaft By Diesel Engine.
 Diesel Engine transmits rotating speed through torque converter &
Jaw clutch to accessory gear.
 Main functions of Starting Device
 Supply high torque at zero speed to breakaway the turbine.
 Drive the unfired Gas Turbine to Firing Speed (18% or 1000 rpm)
 Assist the Fired Gas turbine to self sustaining speed after which
starting device is declutched from Gas Turbine.
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 STARTING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 Diesel Engine
 Hydraulic torque converter Assembly
 Hydraulic Ratchet system
 Starting Jaw clutch

 ENGINE OPERATION
 Schematic Diagram
 With start signal , Ratchet Pump starts , Starting Clutch
engaged, & Diesel Engine starting DC motor energized.
 Engine at idle speed (600 rpm) for two minutes warm up period.

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 At the end of warm-up period, Engine governor set at maximum
speed (2100 rpm) until Turbine shaft starts rotation.

 Engine speed set between idle & maximum ( 1800 rpm , governor
speed).

 Turbine correct firing speed (1000 rpm of Turbine shaft) is

achieved. Engine speed remains at 1800 rpm while Gas Turbine
warm-up period is completed.

 At 50% of unit speed (2800-2900rpm) Gas Turbine becomes self

sustaining & overtakes diesel Engine. Diesel Engine returns to
idle speed & idles for 05 minutes cool down period & then stops.

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 RATCHETING
Ratcheting is slow turning of gas turbine shaft.
 Ratcheting Required:
 During the cool down period of gas turbine to avoid Shaft BOW.
 During the start-up to help diesel Engine for Gas turbine’s shaft
break away from zero speed.
 In ratcheting Turbine shaft rotates 47 degrees in 10 seconds after
every 03 minutes.
 A small DC-motor (125V) rotates the shaft through Hydraulic self
sequencing valve assembly.
 Ratchet mechanism de-energized when the G.T shaft break-away
achieved.
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AIR INLET EQUIPMENT (Filter House)
 Gas turbine kind of air breathing machine.
 Design consumption of Air at our Gas turbine is 436 Tons/hr
at 15 0C & 1.013 bar corresponding Air/fuel ratio of 40.
 Performance of Gas turbine very sensitive to the quality of
Air & affected through:
 Fouling of compressor Blades
 Erosion of compressor/Turbine Blades
 Fouling reduces the efficiency of the axial compressor by ingestion of
substances which adhere to surface e.g., oil vapors & smoke.
 Erosion results due to hard particles in air such as sand & mineral dust
etc. These particles when hit on the blades, cut away as small portion of
metal thus causing serious damage to machine.
 Filtration of Air upto 10 micron size before entering axial
compressor.
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 Filter House consists of three stage filter assembly:
 Inlet screens & Inertial separators
 Pre-Filters (Primary Filters)
 High Efficiency filters (secondary filters)
 Inlet screens
 Screens at upstream of inertial separators to avoid entry of birds,
leaves, twigs papers etc.
 Inertial Separators
 Larger particles separated from air due to Inertia & ejected in common
chute.
 A bleed fan maintains a constant flow (~10%) through the collection
chute.
 Pre-Filters (Primary Filters)
 150 Nos. Pre-filters located down stream of inertial separators &
immediately upstream of high efficiency filters.
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  Pre-filters extend the useful life of high efficiency filters. These are layer type
& directly attached to high efficiency filters. Generally replaced when P
across the filter house reaches 12 cm wc.
 High Efficiency Filters (Secondary Filters)
 Made with special paper fabric & have efficiency of 99.7% particles removal.
 Large particles remove by sieve-like action where as smaller ones adhere to
fabric. Normal life is about 6 months.
 Implosion Doors
 Two implosion doors provided downstream of secondary filters.
 Designed to open at P if 15 cm wc. These doors avoid abnormal blockage in
air inlet system.
 Inlet ducting & silencing
 An air inlet duct connects the Filter House to air inlet plenum at compressor
suction.
 Silencing provided in the duct by the use of acoustically perforated sheets.
 Silencing baffles eliminate typical compressor tone.

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AIR COMPRESSOR
 17 stage axial compressor with inlet variable guide vanes.
 Compressed air exits through compressor discharge casing to the
combustion chambers.
 Air also extracted from the compressor for turbine cooling & bearing
oil sealing.
 Compressor divided into four portions:
 Inlet section
 Forward section
 Aft section
 Discharge section
 FIG. (Comp/Turbine Rotor assembly)
 FIG. (Compressor Casing Lower half)
 Inlet section
 The inlet section directs air flow from Filter House into compressor
blading.
 This section contains variable inlet guide vanes assembly, the No. 1
bearing assembly & Low pressure air seals.
 Variable inlet guide vanes (IGV) permit fast, smooth acceleration of Gas
turbine without compressor surge.
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  IGV operated through hydraulic system & rotate through a large ring gear
& multiple small pinion gears.
 At start up of Gas turbine IGV’s are set at 43 0 position & when Turbine
accelerates to 95% speed they turn to 85 0 position.
 When turbine stops vanes rotated to 430 at once.
 FIG. (Guide Vanes Pinion gear ring)
 Aft Section
 This is at down stream of inlet section & contains the stator Blading for
stages 4 through 9.
 Bleed air from the 4th rotor stage (between 3rd & 4th stator stage) used
for cooling of turbine shell & supports.
 Discharge Section
 This section down stream of the aft section, contains the stator blading
for the stages 10 through 16 & exit guide vanes stages 1& 2.
 This section provides the mounting surface for combustion chambers.
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COMBUSTION SECTION
 Components of Combustion section
 Combustion chambers
 Fuel Nozzles
 Spark plugs
 Flame detectors
 Transition pieces
 Combustion Chambers (Diagrams)
 Ten combustion chambers arranged concentrically around the axial
flow compressor & bolted to compressor discharge section bulkhead.
 Combustion Air supplied directly from the discharge of axial flow
compressor to combustion chambers.
 Fuel fed into the chamber through the fuel nozzles that extend into
each chamber’s liner cap.
 Combustion chamber outer casing bolted to compressor discharge.
 Combustion takes place in inner liner.
 Chambers called as reverse flow type.
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 Holes along the length of combustion chamber’s liner
 Dilution holes
 Located at end of combustion liner flow path & Larger in size (4 holes in
each).
 They help to reduce the gas temperature at the inlet on turbine first stage
nozzles.
 Cooling louvers
 Louvers all along the length of combustion liner & protect the flame tube
(liner) with air film.
 Secondary Holes
 Propagates flame with secondary combustion air.
 Primary Holes
 Primary holes used for combustion of fuel.
 Temperature near the flame zone is about 1700 °C & to be brought
down to about 800-1000°C before the hot gases enter the turbine
stage.

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  Fuel Nozzle
 Dual Fuel Nozzles.
 Three external connecting Flanges on Fuel Nozzle body.
 Liquid Fuel (Diesel)
 Atomizing air
 Gas Fuel
 FIG. (External View of Fuel Nozzle)
 FIG. (Internal View of Fuel Nozzle)
 Gas Fuel routed through the nozzle’s internal passage to the Orifice
located in the gas tip.
 Primary combustion air enters through slots in the swirl plate to combine
with the gas fuel at the Orifice.
 Swirl plate creates a high energy vortex of combustion air surrounding
the atomized fuel.
 Continuous ignition of fresh fuel due to recirculation of combustion
products in the low pressure core of the vortex.
 Lean fuel/air mixture prevents soot formation which would appear as
smoke in gas turbine exhaust.
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 Spark Plugs
 Combustion of fuel & air mixture initialed by spark plugs.
 Spark plugs installed in two of combustion chambers & receive
power from the ignition transformers.
 The chambers without spark plugs (08 chambers) fired with flame
from the fired chambers through interconnected cross-fired tubes.
 Flame Detectors
 Two ultra-violet type flame detectors provided on the combustion
chambers opposite to those having spark-plugs.
 They detect the presence of ultra-violet radiation which is emitted
by a hydrocarbon flame. The detectors provide a signal when the
radiation is sensed for approx. 0.2 sec.
 On failure of both flame detectors Gas Turbine trips.
 Flame sight ports on individual chambers.
 Flame detectors ensure combustion in other 08 chambers thru
cross-fired tubes.

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 Transition Pieces
 Provide hot gas path link between the combustion
chambers & 1st stage nozzle assembly.
 Clamped to forward side of nozzle assembly.
 Nozzle assembly sealed at both its outer & inner
periphery to prevent leakage of hot gases.
 Compressor discharge air flows into the combustion
chambers, passing around transition pieces.
 Cooling of transition pieces achieved by heat exchange
with discharge air.
 FIG. (Transition Piece & Nozzle Arrangement)
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TURBINE SECTION
 High temperature gases from combustion section converted to shaft
horsepower.
 Power required to drive load package & compressor provided by the two-
stage turbine rotor.
 Turbine components
 First stage nozzles
 First stage Buckets & wheel
 Second stage nozzles
 Second stage Buckets & wheel
 FIG. (1st & 2nd Stage Wheels & Nozzles)
 Combustion gases at about 800 °C expand through two stages of
Turbine.
 Expansion takes place in fixed nozzles of both stages.
 Nozzles convert heat & pressure energy into high velocity or kinetic
energy and direct this energy to buckets/rotating blades.
 Rotating blades convert kinetic energy into useful shaft horse power.
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 Temperature limitation on turbine wheels due to metallurgy.
 Cooling of turbine parts (stationery nozzles, rotary blades, turbine shaft
& supports) with air drawn through compressor from different stages.
 Turbine’s 1st Stage buckets are hollow & have cooling holes in the
buckets.
 Cooling of wheel space area with compressor air.
 Use of seals between nozzles & rotating buckets to restrict the hot gases
from leaking into the wheel space.
 Operation of turbine with excessive wheel space temperatures can cause
failure of rotor studs connecting the turbine wheels & stationary nozzles.
Exhaust Section
 Turbine exhaust gases discharged thru diffuser into the exhaust plenum at
temperature of about 450 0 C.
 FIG. (Turbine Wheels, Exhaust Hood & Deflector)
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Generator
 Principle
 Conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy.
 When magnetic field is cut by conductor, voltage is
produced in the conductor.
The higher the strength of magnetic field, the higher
would be the voltage produced in the conductor.
 Generator having two parts: 1. Stator 2. Rotor
 Stator has 3-phase armature winding (stamping insulated with
paper) In star connection.
 Rotor contains field winding which develops electromagnet.
 Field excitation (Rotor magnetization) initially obtained thru
battery & then thru Static Excitation System.

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  When rotor rotates, magnetic field produced by rotor also rotates.
 Stator conductors are cut by rotating magnetic flux & emf is
induced in them.
 Due to induced emf , current in armature flows in one direction &
then in other direction due to alternation of N & S poles of rotor.
 Frequency of emf produced in stator conductor depends upon N
& S poles moving past conductor per second.

 Relationship between Frequency & Speed

 Frequency is No. of emf cycles per second.
 One cycle of emf induced in conductor when one pair of poles
passes over it.
 No. of cycles = P / 2
 No. of Revolutions per second = N / 60
 Frequency f = P /2 × N / 60
f = P N /120
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TURBINE AUXILARY SYSTEMS
 Fuel System
 Our Gas Turbines are equipped with both fuel gas & fuel
oil systems.
 Gas Turbines could run on each fuel separately & mixture
of two fuels.
 System also designed for automatic change over of gas
fuel to diesel in case of low pressure of gas.
 At our plant, operation of gas turbine on duel fuel system
not successful.
 Duel fuel system requires monthly changeover of gas
turbines from gas fuel to diesel to ensure reliability of
diesel fuel system.
 The fuel changeover at the gas turbine poses the risk of
process continuity.
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Description of Gas Fuel System
 Fuel System schematic Diagram
 Components of Gas Fuel system :
 Gas strainer
 Gas stop/speed ratio Valve
 Gas control valve
 Low gas pressure alarm
 Fuel gas enters gas turbine through strainer at 18 kg/cm2
pressure.
 Low pressure switch (63 FG-3,setting 11.6 kg/cm2) is
installed on gas line before it enters the gas turbine.
Activation of this low pressure switch causes automatic
changeover of fuel to diesel.

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 Gas Stop/Speed ratio valve (VSR)
 This valve is operated thru hydraulic cylinder & has two functions;
 Stop Function
 Tight shut-off of fuel gas achieved by hydraulic oil drainage thru SOV
(20FG).
 Speed ratio Function
 Regulated inlet pressure to upstream of control valve.
 Pressure at downstream of stop/speed ratio valve maintained at 14.0
kg/cm.2
 Electro-hydraulic servo ( 90 SR ) gives position control.
 Input to electro-hydraulic servo ( 90 SR ) is the speed signal &
downstream pressure signal ( 96 FG ).
 Actual position of valve sensed thru LVDT (liner variable differential
transformer,96 SR ).
 LVDT installed on stem provides feedback signal to speedtronic.
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 Gas Control Valve (VGC)
 Gas control valve provides the final precise metering of fuel gas flow to gas
turbine.
 It regulates gas pressure of 8-10kg/cm2 to fuel nozzles.
 Speedtronic control gives its output signal called VCE to the electro-hydraulic
servo (65 GC). This servo adjusts the hydraulic pressure to the piston of gas
control valve.
 Two LVDT’s (96 GC-1/2) provided at the stem of gas control valve give position
feedback to the speed tronic control.
 VCE signal by the control circuit is compared with the position feed back signal by
LVDT’s. If the two signals do not match an “error” signal is generated and acts to
reposition the valve until the VCE & feed back signals match.
 Fuel Gas Vent valve (20 VG)
 Solenoid operated valve (20 VG) vents the gas from the piping in-between gas
stop/speed ratio valve & Gas control valve.
 This solenoid is energized & vent valve closes when start signal is given to turbine,
it will remain closed until turbine is shutdown.
 It provides block-n-bleed arrangement while gas turbine is shutdown.

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LUBE OIL / HYDRAULIC OIL SYSTEM
 Closed loop forced oil lubrication system.
 Lube oil Tank
 Integral part of the turbine base in the area under accessory section.
 Capacity of the system (tank & other components) is 1700 gallons.
 Lube oil feed piping is contained within the lube oil tank or drain headers
to avoid safety risk in case of leakage.
 Three lube oil pumps
 The main lube oil pump is positive displacement type mounted in & driven
by accessory gear.
 The auxiliary lube oil pump is a submerged centrifugal pump driven by
380V AC motor.
 The emergency lube oil pump is a submerged centrifugal pump driven by
110 V DC motor.
 Lube Oil Securities
 High lube Oil Temperature alarm at 75 °C
 High lube Oil Temperature Trip of turbine at 80 °C
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 3.8 Kg/cm2

88 Kg/cm2

Hydraulic oil Pump

40
Cooling & Sealing Air System
 Different Turbine parts to be cooled;
 First & second stage turbine wheel forward & aft faces.
 First & second stage nozzles
 Turbine shell
 Turbine supports
 Combustor’s casing , liners, transition Pieces.
 Cooling air obtained from the compressor at following
locations;
 Fourth stage Extraction Air.
 Tenth Stage Extraction Air.
 Compressor High Pressure Seal Leakage.
 Compressor Discharge Air.
 FIG (Schematic cooling sealing air)
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 Fourth stage extraction air
 Portion of shell surrounding the first & second stage nozzles
 Aft surface of second stage turbine wheel
 Supports which are in the exhaust gas hot path
 Tenth stage extraction air
 Main part goes through bleed valves to exhaust plenum
 Second part for cooling of 1st. & second stage nozzles
 Third part routed to bearing’s seals through dirt separator
 Compressor high pressure seal air leakage
 Cooling for first stage wheel & discharged to exhaust hot gas
path
 Compressor discharge air
 Cooling of aft surface of first stage turbine wheel forward surface
of second stage turbine wheel 1st stage nozzle ring & partitions
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ATOMIZING AIR / PURGE AIR SYSTEM
 Atomizing air required when Gas Turbine operates on liquid fuel (diesel).
 Atomizing air recirculates in closed loop when Gas Turbine operates on Gas
fuel.
 Schematic Diagram
 Air drawn through the discharge of axial air compressor at 7.0 kg/cm2.
 Atomizing air compressor driven through accessory gear develops ΔP of
about 1kg/cm2.
 Air passes through cooler in each cycle before entering the atomizing air
compressor. Cooling of air through exchanger protects compressor against
over temperature in continuous operation.
 A solenoid valve (20 AA) operates piston type bypass valve (VA-18).
 A small flow of air through the atomizing air passages prevents entry of
combustion products that could foul this passage.
 Purge Air admitted to Purge Air manifold thru diaphragm valve (VA-19), in
Gas Fuel operation.
 Purge Air purges oil passage in fuel nozzles to prevent accumulation of oil
fuel in nozzle.
43
Cooling Water System
 Closed Cooling Water System
 Heat removal from lube oil & diesel engine systems
 Demineralized water as make-up & Nalcool-2000 as corrosion inhibitor
 Cooling Water System Components
 Accessory gear shaft driven pump ( 400 gpm)
 Two cooling water tanks
 Two cooling water fan skids
 Temperature regulating valves
 Schematic Diagram
 Water from Tanks to gear driven pump & diesel engine water pump
 Diesel engine water pump drives water to engine cooling jacket
 Accessory gear driven water pump drives water to lube oil cooler &
atomizing air cooler
 Cooling of water in Fan skids (2 units for each turbine)
 Fan Skids, finned tube air to water heat exchangers with two fans under
each skid
 Cooling water flow regulated thru Temperature regulating valves sensing
lube oil temperature.
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FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE OF GAS TURBINE

 Performance of Gas Turbine affected by:

 Atmospheric Pressure
 With pressure reduction, Specific weight of air reduces which reduces power
output.
 For the same power output fuel consumption increases.
 For every 100 mm wc pressure reduction efficiency reduces by ~ 1 %.
 Ambient Temperature
 Increase in ambient temperature also reduces specific weight of air which
reduces power output.
 For every 10 OC increase in ambient temperature efficiency reduces by ~ 1
%.
 ∆P Across Filter House
 Increase in ∆P across filter house reduces Turbine efficiency.
 Humidity in Air
 Humid air tends to clog filters & increases ∆P across filters.
 Load
 At higher load Turbine efficiency improves & vice versa.
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OPERATION PRACTICES & TURBINE MONITORING

 Turbine Monitoring
 Logging of parameters on two hourly basis.
 Routine Checklist (once in shift).
 TMP data for performance evaluation (quarterly basis)
 Start-Up checklist.
 Performance Improvement
 Performance of compressor decreases by fouling of
blades with solid & oily deposits.
 Compressor Cleaning
 Two types of cleaning
 Carbo Blasting with nutshells/rice (For fouling from dry deposits)
 Wet Washing with hot water & detergent (For fouling from oily
deposits)
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G. T. ENCLOSURE

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DUAL FUEL NOZZLE

1. Crossfire Tube
2. Atomizing Air Inlet Pipe
3. Oil Fuel Inlet Pipe
4. Dual Fuel Nozzle
5. Sighting Port
6. Gas Fuel Inlet Pipe

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