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Outline
pressure : PA z 0 PA z L
net momentum flux : rz A1 r rz A2 r r
gravity : + gV (why positive?)
Dividing by 2 Lr :
P z 0 P z L rz r r rz r r r
r gr 0
L r
Let r 0 :
P0 PL r d r gr 0
rz
L dr
Flow Through a Vertical Tube
P0 PL d
r rz r gr 0
L dr
Rewriting:
d P0 PL P0 PL g (0) gL
rz r g r r
dr L L L
d P0 g (0) PL gL
rz r r
dr L L
d 0 L
We let: z Pz gz rz r r
dr L
Flow Through a Vertical Tube
d P0 PL
rz r r
Flow through a
dr L circular tube
0 L 2 2
vz R r
4 L
0 L 2 Hagen-Poiseuille
vave D
32L Equation
Outline
Important quantities:
R : radius of outer cylinder
κR : radius of inner
cylinder
Flow Through an Annulus
Assumptions:
1. Steady-state flow
2. Incompressible fluid
3. Only Vz component is
significant
4. At the solid-liquid interface,
no-slip condition
5. Significant gravity effects
6. Vmax is attained at a
distance λR from the
center of the inner cylinder
(not necessarily the center)
Flow Through an Annulus
pressure : PA z 0 PA z L
net momentum flux : rz A1 r rz A2 r r
gravity : gV (why negative?)
d 0 L
We let: z Pz gz rz r r
dr L
Flow Through an Annulus
d 0 L
rz r r
dr L
0 L R
2
0 L
rz r
2L 2L r
Rewriting:
rz
0 L R r 2 R
2L
R r
dv z 0 L R r 2 R
dr 2 L R r
Solving:
0 L R 1 r
2
vz R ln r C2
2
2 L R 2
Flow Through an Annulus
0 L R 1 r 2
vz 2R ln r C2
2L R 2
Rewriting:
L R 2
r
2
R Take out R/2
vz 2 ln r C2
0 2
Multiply r in log term
4 L R R by R/R (or 1)
0 L R r
2
2
2 r
vz 2 ln ln(R) C2 Expand log term
4 L R R
L R 2
r
2
r Lump all constants
vz 2 ln C2 into C2
0 2
4 L R R
Flow Through an Annulus
0 L R r
2
2
r
vz 2 ln C2
2
4 L R R
No-slip Conditions
At r = κR, vz = 0
At r = R, vz = 0
Flow Through an Annulus
L R 2
r
2
r
vz 2 ln C2
0 2
4 L R R
Using B.C. #1:
0
0 L R2 2
2 2 ln C2
4 L
0 2 2 2 ln C2
C 2 1
Using B.C. #2:
0 L R 2 2
1
0 1 C2 2
2
0 1 C2
4 L
ln
Flow Through an Annulus
C 2 1
L R 2
r
2
r
2
1
vz 2 ln C2
0 2
4 L 2
2
R R ln
0 L R 2
r 2 1 r
2
vz ln 1
4 L R ln R
Shell Balances
Important Assumptions*
1. The flow is always assumed to be at steady-
state.
2. Neglect entrance and exit effects. The flow is
always assumed to be fully-developed.
3. The fluid is always assumed to be
incompressible.
4. Consider the flow to be unidirectional.
P0 PL 2 2
vz R r
4 L
1. What is the shape of this profile?
2. The maximum occurs at which region?
3. What is the average velocity of the fluid
flowing through this pipe?
Velocity Profiles in Pipes
Velocity Profiles in Pipes
Velocity Profile in a Pipe:
P0 PL 2 2
vz R r
4 L
Average Velocity of a Fluid in a Pipe:
P0 PL 2
vave D
32L
Maximum vs. Average Velocity
Outline
P0 PL 2
vave D
32L
32Lv ave
P0 PL 2
D
32Lv ave
P0 PL 2
D
In terms of energy PO PL 32Lvave
Ff
lost per unit mass: D 2
P0 PL AC AS
S
f
v 2
2
v 22
Friction Factor
2
Ff L v
4 fF
gc D 2gc
Frictional force/loss head is proportional
to the velocity head of the flow and to
the ratio of the length to the diameter of
the flow stream
Friction Factor for Laminar Flow
16
Prove: fF Valid only for laminar flow
NRe
Outline
1 2.51
2log10
fD 3.7D NRe fD
Friction Factor Correlations
3. Churchill equation (Colebrook formula explicit in fD)
1 0.27 7
0.9
2log10
fD D NRe
4. Swamee-Jain correlation
0.25
fD
5.74
2log10 0.9
3.7D NRe
Equivalent Roughness, ε
S
Deq 4RH 4
Pw
where RH = hydraulic radius
S = cross-sectional area
Pw = wetted perimeter: sum of the length
of the boundaries of the cross-section
actually in contact with the fluid
Equivalent Diameter (Deq)
S
Deq 4RH 4
Pw
Determine the equivalent diameter of the
following conduit types:
1. Annular space with outside diameter Do and
inside diameter Di
2. Rectangular duct with sides a and b
3. Open channels with liquid depth y and liquid
width b