Introduction to Heating,

Ventilation, Air
Conditioning and
Refrigeration.
What is HVACR?
 Heating
• It is required when the
temperature outside is less
than inside.
• The process of increasing
the temperature inside the
specific area.
 Ventilation
• It is the process of sending
the stale air out from the
specific area.
 Air conditioning
• It is defined as the process
which cools or heats,
cleans, circulates air and
controls its moisture content
simultaneously.
 Refrigeration
• It is the process of
removing heat from a
substance and rejecting
the heat to the
atmosphere which is at a
higher temperature level.
Why We require Air
conditioning?
 Comfort: Domestic,
Showrooms, Offices,
Shopping malls, Banks,
Restaurants, Bars, etc….
 Commercial : Industrial
Applications, Hospitals,
Laboratories, Clean rooms,
etc…..
• Human comfort is nothing but condition of
mind, which expresses satisfaction with the
thermal environment.
• Human beings will emit heat due to the
metabolic activity.
• If the surrounding temperature is less
compared to the human body temperature,
then heat transfer from the body to the
surroundings will take place.
• Moisture level in the surrounding is also an
important factor. The accumulation of the
moisture will result in body odour and can
cause discomfort.
• Industrial applications like high
precision tooling, CNC machine
operations, Pharmaceuticals,
laboratories will require controlled
environment.
• Air conditioning is also a part of
that .A specific temperature and
moisture level will be necessity for
such type of application.
Why we require
Refrigeration?
• It is required to provide a storage space
for food and consumables maintaining
a low temperature below freezing point
so as to preserve them.
• Refrigeration is also used for the
formation of ice cubes in domestic
application as well.
• It mainly makes use of vapour
compression and absorption cycle, but
vapour compression cycle is
universally adopted.
 Heat Transfer Methods
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
 Conduction

It takes place when two

bodies at different temperature
are in physical contact with
each other. It also takes place
when a solid body is heated at
one end and the heat is
transferred to the other end.
 Convection

It is the process by which heat

transfer takes place through a fluid
medium. When liquid or gas is
heated expansion takes place.
Thus it becomes lighter and rises
up and eventually its place is taken
by a denser fluid. This process is a
continuous one.
 Radiation

• The heat transfer due to

radiation takes place from
one body to another without
affecting the medium. E.g.
Heat transfer from sun to
earth.
 All the three transfer methods
are interrelated and depend on
the surrounding conditions.
Change in the surrounding
conditions will affect the rate of
heat transfer.
The surrounding conditions are
• Temperature
• Relative Humidity
• Air motion
 Human Comfort Zone

• Which is the best temperature?

• What is the best relative
humidity?

Temperature Range 22 – 26.5

C.
Relative Humidity 40 – 60%.
Fundamentals
 What is Heat?
It is a form of Energy. It
transfers energy across the
boundaries of systems with
different temperatures, always
towards lower temperature.
• Units of Heat = British Thermal
Unit (BTU) in fps system
Calorie in metric system
• 1 Kilocalorie(Kcal) = 3.97 BTU
 Sensible Heat
• It is defined as the amount of
heat required to raise the
temperature of 1Kg of
substance from 0 C to desired
temperature without changing
state.
• E.g. Ice at – 10 C ice to 0 C
ice.
 Latent Heat
• It is defined as the amount of
heat required to change the
state of 1 Kg of
Ice from 0 C ice to 0 C water,
i.e. from solid to liquid or from
liquid to gas.
• E.g. 0C ice to 0C water
 Unit of Refrigeration/Air
conditioning
• Ton of refrigeration is the term
used to indicate the capacity of the
refrigeration and air conditioning
system. It is the heat removal
required to freeze one metric tonne
of water to ice in 24 hours.
• 1 ton of refrigeration = 12,000
BTU/Hr = 3000 Kcal/Hr
Refrigeration Cycle
 In refrigeration cycle the
principle of work being done is
caused by a liquid refrigerant
which is evaporated in a cooling
coil (evaporator). The cooling
coil in which the refrigerant
evaporates is in contact with air
surrounding it, there by cooling
that as well.Once cooled, air is
then directed to the spaces
which require cooling.
 Components of
Refrigeration cycle
• Evaporator
• Compressor
• Condenser
• Expansion valve
 In Evaporator
As the liquid refrigerant flows
through the evaporator, it
absorbs heat and changes from
the liquid state to a saturated
vapour. The pressure remains
constant while temperature
increases.
 In Compressor
As saturated vapour enters
the compressor, it gets
further superheated the
temperature of the
discharge gas will be much
higher than the saturation
temperature of vapour as
well as the pressure also
gets increased.
 In Condenser
Temperature of the superheated
vapour has to be brought down
to its saturation temperature
before it can be condensed into
a liquid. Since the compressor
is in operation, the condensing
pressure remains constant.
 In Expansion Valve

The refrigerant flows through

the liquid line to the
expansion valve, then the
pressure drops and the
temperature remains
constant.
Different type of condensers

• There are two types of

condensers
1. Aircooled
2. Watercooled
 Air cooled Condenser
• Natural convection condenser
Heat transfer takes place as
the surface of condenser comes in
contact with air. Air will absorb the heat
from the refrigerant.
• Forced air circulation condenser
This type employs a fan or blower
to move the air over the condenser coil
at certain velocity. Thereby facilitating
the rate of heat transfer.
 Water cooled condenser
• Tube in tube or double pipe
condenser
In this type, a smaller
diameter tube is inserted inside a
bigger diameter pipe and bent to
the desired form. Water flows
through the inner pipe and
refrigerant flows through the
annular space in between.
 Shell and tube condenser
A number of straight tubes with
integral fins are stacked inside a
cylindrical shell with the tube ends
expanded in to tube sheets which are
welded to the shell at both ends.
Intermediate tube supports are
provided in the shell to avoid sagging
and rattling of the tubes. Copper tubes
are usually used but when ammonia is
used as refrigerant, steel tubes are
used because of its corrosive nature.
 Plate heat exchanger
• Number of plates are arranged
in a horizontal way through
which water is passed. This
type is preferably used in
heavy industrial applications.
 Different types of
Compressors
• Reciprocating compressor
• Rotary compressor
• Screw compressor
• Scroll compressor
 Reciprocating Compressor
In a reciprocating compressor, the
piston moves alternatively downwards
and upwards in a cylinder. The number
of moving parts in a reciprocating
compressor compared to the other
types. The reciprocating movement of
the piston is brought about by
converting the rotating motion of the
crankshaft to a linear motion of the
piston.
 Rotary compressor
• Two types – Rotary piston type
Rotary Vane type
Compression of the refrigerant
vapour is achieved by rotary
motion.
Scroll Compressor
A scroll compressor consists of
two members .It is a disc with a
spiral shaped continuous
member, one end of which is
case integral with disc plate or
base plate, the other being open
end. The advancement in
precision tooling and
manufacturing has helped the
development of scroll
compressors.
 Screw compressor
It consists of two meshing
multistart helically grooved
rotors with very close
clearances, within a housing.
The rotor connected to the shaft
is male while other rotor being
the female