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Learning Outcomes
After this lecture you should be able to…
Explain viscosity and how it changes with
temperature
Write the continuity equation
Define laminar and turbulent flow by using the
Reynolds number
Determine if a flowrate is laminar or turbulent
Write and Explain the Bernoulli equation
Apply the Bernoulli equation
Basics of Fluid Flow
A fluid is a substance that flows
When subjected to a shearing stress layers of the
fluid slide relative to each other
Both gases and liquids are defined as fluids
Fluid mechanics is the study of the flow of gases and
liquids
The degree of resistance to shear stress is
represented by the term ‘viscosity’
High viscosity means high resistance to shear stress
- does not flow easily
Viscosity
Dynamic Viscosity or Viscosity is a measure of
resistance to shearing motion
The unit is Ns/m2…….but it has no name!
The poise or centipoise is the SI cgs unit
1 centipoise = 1 x 10-3 Ns/m2
Typical values for viscosity
Water at 20°C = 1 cP
Air at 20°C = 1.8 x 10-2 cP
Crude Oil = 7.2 cP
Petrol = 0.29 cP
You may hear the term ‘kinematic viscosity’
This is dynamic viscosity divided by fluid density
Its SI cgs unit is the Stoke (= 1 cm2/s)
NB - Viscosity is a function of temperature. For
liquids, viscosity decreases as temperature increases
Basics Equations for Fluid Flow
The continuity equation Q = v.a
where v is the velocity (m/s) and a the area available
for flow (m2 e.g. cross sectional area of a pipe) and
Q is the flowrate (m3/s)
The Reynolds number is used to define laminar and
turbulent flow
Laminar flow is defined by slow moving, uniform,
even, smooth flow (e.g. a canal)
Turbulent flow is uneven and rough (e.g. a white
water river)
Bernoulli equation. Daniel Bernoulli lived in the 18th
century and derived a relationship between velocity,
height and pressure
The Continuity equation
Q=va
Q - flowrate, m3/s
v - fluid velocity, m/s
a - area available for flow, m2
What is the flowrate from your kitchen tap?
(What is the volume of your kettle and how long
does it take to fill it?)
The pipe feeding the tap is 15mm. What is the cross
sectional area?
Use the continuity equation to determine the velocity
Continuity Equation contd.
1 2
d1 < d2
v1 > v2
Osborne Reynolds 1842 - 1912
Dye
Reynolds Experiment - Velocity
His first discovery ……
At very low water flowrates, dye did not break up
Implies no mixing between dye and water!
Dye
Reynolds Experiment - Velocity
…..And at high water flowrates, dye did break up
Dye mixed with water
Dye
Reynolds Concluded that
Increase Velocity
Further Experiments - Viscosity
Decrease Viscosity
Further Experiments - Density
Increase Density
Further Experiments - Tube diameter
Reynolds used tubes of different diameter
He discovered that as the diameter increased the
change to turbulent occurred sooner
Increase Diameter
Reynolds Number
He combined these observations into a
dimensionless number which now carries his name
rvd
Re
m
Re = Reynolds number
r = density (kg/m3)
v = velocity (m/s)
d = pipe diameter (m)
m = viscosity (kg/ms)
Activity - Laminar or Turbulent?
1 2
rv PC
2
d1 < d2
v1 > v2
P1 < P2
Activity - Bernoulli Eqn Units
1
rv2 P rgh C
2
Bernoulli Eqn Rearranged
v2 P
h C
2g rg
How a chimney works
Point 1 is at the top of the chimney where the
velocity is the same as the wind speed
Point 2 is in the fireplace where the velocity is almost
zero
Activity - Flow in a pipe
Point 1
Activity - Bernoulli Eqn 2
Point 2
Same as before except the pipe 20mm
changes from 40mm diameter to V = 2 m/s
20mm.
What is the DP?
10m
Point 1
40mm
V = ? m/s
Conversion Table
Litre/s Litre/min m3/hr m3/s Ft3/hr Ft3/min gpm