Linear transformer

A transformer is said to be linear if it’s coils are wounded on a magnetically linear material i.e. magnetic
flux of coils varies linearly with current. Such materials have constant permeability. For example air, wood,
plastic, etc. The circuit shown below is a generalized figure of ideal transformer with R1 and R2 imaging
the resistance of coils and ZL be any load.

If we apply KVL in both of the loops,

𝐕 = 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿1 𝐈𝟏 − 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝐈𝟐 eq.(1)
0= 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿2 + 𝐙𝐋 𝐈𝟐 − 𝑗𝜔𝑀𝐈𝟏 eq.(2)

From the second equation we have,

𝑗𝜔𝑀
𝐈𝟐 = 𝐈
𝑅2 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿2 + 𝐙𝐋 1
 Reflected Impedance
𝑗𝜔𝑀
𝐈𝟐 = 𝐈
𝑅2 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿2 + 𝐙𝐋 1
Putting this in equation 1 we get,
𝐕 𝜔2 𝑀 2
= 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿1 +
𝐈1 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿2 + 𝐙𝐋
𝜔2 𝑀 2
𝐙𝒊𝒏 = 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿1 +
𝑅2 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿2 + 𝐙𝐋

Zin is the impedance faced by the voltage source. It is a combination of impedance of primary loop called
primary impedance and opposition faced by the source from secondary loop when inducing voltage in it
called reflected impedance.
Primary impedance = Zp = 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿1
𝜔2 𝑀 2
Reflected impedance = 𝐙𝑹 =
𝑅2 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿2 + 𝐙𝐋

Reflected impedance is irrespective of the sign of M

 T and conversion
To solve magnetically coupled circuits, like dependent source method we carry out conversions into a new
equivalent circuit, free of magnetic coupling.

𝐿𝑎 = 𝐿1 − 𝑀 𝐿1 𝑙2 − 𝑀2
If the dots are on 𝐿𝐴 =
opposite sides M will be 𝑙2 − 𝑀
𝐿𝑏 = 𝐿2 − 𝑀 replaced by –M in the 𝐿1 𝐿2 − 𝑀2
𝐿𝐵 =
formulas. In some cases 𝐿2 − 𝑀
there may arise negative 𝐿1 𝐿2 − 𝑀2
𝐿𝑐 = 𝑀 𝐿𝐶 =
value of inductance. 𝑀
Question: Find the net impedance to the right of terminals a,b and the current Io in the circuit shown

Reducing the circuit in the standard form as used in the derivation

of reflected impedance. The input impedance faced by that voltage
across a-b is,
𝜔 2 𝑀2
𝐙𝒊𝒏 = 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿1 +
𝑅2 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿2 + 𝐙𝐋
22 × 0.52 16 28
𝐙𝒊𝒏 = 1 + 𝑗2 + = + 𝑗
3 + 𝑗2 + 4𝑗 15 15
 Now calculating the impedance of capacitor and resistance whose
combination is in parallel with the 𝐙𝒊𝒏
𝐙𝒐 = 2 − 𝑗
So the combined impedance to the right side of a-b comes to be
16 28
𝒁𝐿 = 2 − 𝑗 || + 𝑗 = 1.508∠18 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
15 15
Now our circuit is reduced to a state as shown,

Now calculating Io is a piece of cake,

12∠0
𝐈𝑜 = = 2.2∠ − 4.8
1.508∠18 + 4
 Question: Calculate the mesh currents in the circuit below

Converting the circuit into T equivalent for convenience,

Since the dots are on opposite Since the dots are on same
sides so the equations becomes sides so the equations becomes
𝐿𝑎 = 𝐿1 + 𝑀 ⇒ 𝑗6 𝐿𝑎 = 𝐿1 − 𝑀 ⇒ 𝑗8
𝐿𝑏 = 𝐿2 + 𝑀 ⇒ 𝑗8 𝐿𝑏 = 𝐿2 − 𝑀 ⇒ 𝑗3
𝐿𝑐 = −𝑀 ⇒ −𝑗2 𝐿𝑐 = 𝑀 ⇒ 𝑗12
 Mesh 1
16 = (10 + j4)I1 + j2I2

Mesh 2
0 = j2I1 + (30 + j26)I2 - j12I3

Mesh 3
0 = - j12I2 + (5 + j11)I3

After solving the equations we get

I1 = 1.3736 + 0.5385j, I2 = - 0.0547 - 0.0549j, I3 = - 0.0268 - 0.0721j
 IDEAL TRANSFOMER
The ideal transformer is an over idealization of magnetically coupled circuit such that,
1. Coils have approaching infinity impedances (the entire potential appears across them)
2. Coupling coefficient is equal to unity due to magnetic core i.e. ( k = 1 )
3. Primary and secondary coils are lossless i.e. ( R1 = R2= 0)

Due to the magnetic core, flux passing through both

coils is same,
𝑑∅ 𝑑∅
𝐕𝟏 = 𝑁1 , 𝐕𝟐 = 𝑁2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
V2 𝑁2
= = 𝑎 (𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜)
V1 𝑁1
As no energy is being dissipated in the coils, by law of
conservation of energy, the power delivered is equal to
the power transferred
𝑃1 = 𝑃2 , 𝐼1 𝑉1 = 𝐼2 𝑉2
Two lines in-between indicates the iron core
𝑉2 I1
While N1 and N2 are number of turns in coil = =𝑎 𝑒𝑞. (3)
𝑉1 I2
Note:
1. If dotted terminals have same signs then use +a otherwise use –a.
2. If 𝐈1 and 𝐈2 both enters or leaves the dotted terminal at the same time then use –a otherwise use +a
The complex power is given by
𝐒 = 𝐕𝟏 𝐈𝟏∗ = 𝐕𝟐 𝐈𝟐∗
Since we know that the input impedance is,
𝐕1
𝐙𝐢𝐧 =
𝐈1
1
From eq.(3) , 𝐈1 = a𝐈2 and 𝐕1 = 𝐕2
𝑎
So, This formula is valid when there is no impedance in
1 𝐕2 𝒁𝐿 primary loop. Otherwise, the total Zin will be the sum
𝐙𝐢𝐧 = 2 × = 2 of ZL/a2 and that impedance in primary loop.
𝑎 𝐈2 𝑎
𝐙𝐢𝐧 is directly proportional to the load connected on the other side of the secondary coil. Moreover this
relation displays an amazing phenomena happening. Suppose an ideal transformer having 100 primary
turns and 10,000 secondary turns with a = 10,000/100 = 100, any impedance placed across the
terminals of secondary will appear 1002 times less to source. A 20,000 ohm resistor looks like 2 ohm, a
200mH looks like 20μH and a 100pF capacitor looks like a 1 μF capacitor.
Question: Find a relationship between currents and voltages in each circuit
 Equivalent circuits
Consider a generalized circuit with ideal transformer. We wish to eliminate transformer from this circuit to
make it simple to solve.

Let’s calculate the thevenin equivalent of the circuit to the right of terminals a-b
 𝐕𝟐 𝐕𝐬𝟐
𝐕𝐓𝐡 = 𝐕𝟏 = =
𝑎 𝑎
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑠2 , because we assumed that the inductors will have a very high impedance as compare to the other
components in the circuit so almost all the source voltage will appear across the inductor.

Now using test source method to calculate 𝑍𝑇ℎ

𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟐 /𝑎 1 𝐕2 𝒁2
𝐙𝐓𝐡 = = = 2× = 2
𝐈𝟏 𝑎𝐈2 𝑎 𝐈2 𝑎
Similarly if we have to calculate Thevenin equivalent of the circuit to the left of terminals c-d as shown in
the circuit below,

𝐕𝐓𝐡 = 𝑎𝐕𝒔𝟏 and 𝐙𝐓𝐡 = 𝑎2 𝐙𝟏

And our circuit is reduced to,

Question: For an ideal transformer as shown in the figure find a) source current I1 b) Vo and the complex
power supplied by the source

Turn ratio (a = 2)
Reducing the circuit to thevenin equivalent,
𝐙𝑳 = 𝐙𝐓𝐡 = 20/a2 = 5 ohm
120
𝐈𝟏 = = 11.09∠33.7 𝐴
9 − 𝑗6
Now,
𝐈𝟏
𝐈𝟐 = = 5.53∠33.7 𝐴
𝑎
𝐕𝒐 = 𝐈𝟐 × 20 = 110.9∠33.7 𝑉
∗
𝑺 = 𝐕𝒐 𝐈𝟏 = 120 × 11.09∠ − 33.7 = 1330.8∠ − 33.7 VA
Question: For an ideal transformer as shown in the figure find the power supplied to the 10 ohm resistor

In the above circuit N1:N2 = 2:1 So, N2 / N1 = 1/2 = 0.5

a = −0.5 (-ve sign because signs at dots are opposite)
Since there is a connection between primary and secondary loops so no conversion techniques applicable
Writing the mesh equations
−120 + 20𝐈1 + 𝐕1 + 30 𝐈1 − 𝐈2 = 0
50𝐈1 − 30𝐈2 + 𝐕1 = 120 𝑒𝑞. (1)
40𝐈2 − 30𝐈1 − 𝐕2 = 0 𝑒𝑞. (2)
Substituting in above equations
−2𝐈1 = 𝐈2 and −0.5𝐕1 = 𝐕2

−55𝐈2 − 2𝐕2 = 120 , 55𝐈2 − 𝐕2 = 0

 55𝐈2 = 𝐕2
Putting in the other equation
−55𝐈2 − 110𝐈2 = 120
𝐈2 = −0.7272 A
𝐕2 = −40 V
Now the power absorbed by 10 ohm resistor,
P = (I2)2R
P = (-0.7272)2(10)
P=
Question: For an ideal transformer as shown in the figure find 𝐈1 , 𝐈2 and Vo

Using thevenin equivalent to the right most transformer,

a = 4/3 and Z = 160/a2 = 90 ohm

Using thevenin equivalent again

a = -5 (-ve sign because dotted terminals will have opposite signs)
Z = 50/a2 = 2 ohm
24 24
𝐈𝟏 = = 6 𝐴, 𝐕1 = = 12 𝑉, 𝐕0 = 𝑎𝐕1 = −60𝑉
4 2

𝐈𝟐 = 0.36𝐴 calculate it by yourself