Broadband Wireless Solutions

For internal use

1 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Contents

Introduction
HSPA Technology
• Rel6, Rel7 and LTE capabilities
• I-HSPA solution
WiMAX Technology
• WiMax Architecture
• OFDM Basics
Comparison of HSPA, LTE and WiMax
 What is on Demand

Full Mobility Of Data & Voice

3G Evolution (WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA,
3.9G)
Fully
Mobile

Mobile Data
Internet-HSPA
WiMAX e-version

Fixed Data
DSL
WLAN
Fixed
Market needs

High Speed Internet Access/Browsing

Voice over IP
High speed VPN connectivity
Streaming Video on Demand
Streaming Live TV
Music and Photo Download
File Download/Upload
Multi Party Gaming
Location based services
Video telephony
Video Sharing
Mapping of Services to preferred speed
 Broadband Wireless Access demand growing

Consumer and enterprise demand for broadband wireless growing quickly

• Internet usage continues to grow, fuelling fixed broadband
• Take-up of WLAN stimulates interest in wireless broadband
• Introduction of new device categories, like Nokia 770 Internet Tablet
New and evolved applications (e.g. e-mail, online gaming) demand higher data
speeds
New radio technologies enable faster business connectivity and faster content
download Nokia 770
Introduction: Mobile Broadband Growth Prediction
 What can be done to meet Demands

EV-DO rev. A, Rev B

CDMA
NxEV-DO

EDGE Evolution
GSM
HSPA
WCDMA 3.9 G
I-HSPA
UMTS-TDD
WiMAX (802.16-2004)
WiMAX (802.16-2005)
Flarion Flash-OFDM
WLAN (unlicensed)
’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10
Wireless Approaches
Data Traffic in 2G network
The mobile industry has expected data tornado since the birth of GPRS, but the
share of packet data traffic in 2G network was typically <<5%
Why didn’t data fly?
1. Low performance in terms of data rates and latency – no true broadband
2. Complex and expensive pricing – no flat rate
3. Complex connectivity – no plug-and-play

Data?
Data access through Mobile…

HSDPA Usage ……………………

… HSDPA has Brough Fast Traffic Growth – Packet
Data Dominates over Voice
Nokia RANs with >1000 GB/day traffic
Operator 1
1400
and busy hour traffic >0.3 Gbps
1200
1000
and >500 MB/sub/month
GB/day

800
600
HSDPA traffic exceeds
400
>1200 GB/day voice volume <3
200
0
traffic months after launch
20061009

20061016

20061023

20061030

20061106

20061113

20061120

20061127

20061204

20061211

20061218

20061225

20070101

20070108

20070115
Operator 3
Operator 2

HSDPA traffic volume

3 x more than 3G voice
traffic
Evolution of 3GPP family of standards
HSPA Technology

For internal use

14 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
HSPA Technology
HSPA

High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a collection of mobile

telephony protocols that extend and improve the performance of
existing UMTS protocols
Two standards : HSDPA and HSUPA
HSDPA: provides improved down-link performance of up to 14.4
Mbit/s theoretically ( 3GPP Rel5 onwards)
HSUPA: provides improved uplink performance of up to 5.76 Mbits/s
theoretically (3GPP Rel6 onwards)
HSPA Peak Data Rate

3GPP R5 3GPP R6

14 Mbps
14 Mbps
5.7 Mbps
0.4 Mbps
HSPA Peak Data Rate Evolution

HSPA data rate increases with 2x2 MIMO and higher order
modulation(64 QAM) up to 42 Mbps in downlink and 11 Mbps in
uplink

3GPP R5 3GPP R6 3GPP R7

42 Mbps
14 Mbps
14 Mbps 11 Mbps
5.7 Mbps
0.4 Mbps
3GPP LTE: Long Term Evolution

LTE further increases the data rate with larger bandwidth of 20 MHz
LTE is based on OFDM as the access method

3GPP R5 3GPP R6 3GPP R7 3GPP R8

170 Mbps
42 Mbps
14 Mbps 50 Mbps
14 Mbps 11 Mbps
5.7 Mbps
0.4 Mbps
HSPA Deployment Schedule

HSUPA commercial 2007

HSPA evolution commercial 2008-2009
LTE commercial 2010 and beyond

3GPP schedule

3GPP R5 3GPP R6 3GPP R7

3GPP R8

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Commercial 3GPP R5 3GPP R6 3GPP R7 3GPP R8

Network Architecture Evolution

3GPP R7, LTE : Change in NW Architecture

Architecture Evolution (Packet Domain)
Internet HSPA
HSPA R6 HSPA R7 LTE R8

a-GW
GGSN GGSN UPE

1-tunnel
SGSN SGSN MME

RNC

Node-B Node-B eNode-B

with RNC
funct.
= control plane
= user plane Ciphering + IP header
compression in Node-B
I-HSPA

For internal use

23 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Architecture Evolution: Flat Architecture
Same topology as
LTE and WiMAX

Internet-HSPA Standardized in
Release 7
HSPA R6 HSPA R7
More elements 
scalability issues GGSN GGSN
with traffic growth Simple scalability

SGSN SGSN
RNC adds control
Lower latency
and user plane delay
RNC
Radio protocol and
common channel Efficient transport
overhead Node-B Node-B

= control plane
= user plane
I-HSPA is Part of 3GPP Release 7

3GPP Release 7 specifies flat architecture for HSPA

The flat architecture is based on so called architecture Alternative 2 where RNC
functionalities are located in Node-B (=internet-HSPA)
The flat architecture has only minor impact to 3GPP standardization
• A change to RANAP specification to extend the RNC-ID to allow it to be longer
than 4096 values
• A description in a Technical Report of how existing 3GPP functionalities can be
used to allow UE mobile-originated and mobile-terminated CS call re-direction
i-HSPA Provides High Capacity

i-HSPA network with 1500 sites has throughput capability of 100 Gbps
There are Nokia RANs today where the busy hour traffic is already >0.3 Gbps, and
HSDPA has just started
Release 7 i-HSPA Release 6 HSPA
What would be the cost
network network
of 100 Gbps RNC?

RNC
Maximum network
throughput 65 Mbps x
1500 = 100 Gbps

i-HSPA adapter
supports 65 Mbps
i-HSPA Provides High Peak Data Rates

i-HSPA network adapter is ready for HSPA evolution 40 Mbps peak

rate
Standard HSPA
i-HSPA network
network

Can RNC provide 40

Mbps per user? RNC

Peak user throughput

>40 Mbps

i-HSPA adapter
Node-B
supports 65 Mbps
i-HSPA Improves E1 Efficiency up to 50%

3GPP R6 HSPA architecture requires overhead in Iub transport

• Node-B control signalling and common channels, approx 300 kbps
• 3GPP L2, ATM, AAL2 and Frame protocol, approx 35%
3GPP R7 i-HSPA architecture has clearly higher efficiency in last mile transport

<1.3 Mbps user plane

3GPP R6 HSPA architecture

BTS RNC
1 x E1

>1.8 Mbps user plane

3GPP R7 i-HSPA architecture

GGSN
BTS
= overhead
= user plane
i-HSPA Summary

The world is going towards flat architecture (WiMAX, LTE). i-HSPA provides
LTE network topology with HSPA radio
i-HSPA is standardized in 3GPP Release 7
Nokia’s I-HSPA overlay solution effectively utilizes the existing 3G and 2G
infrastructure. Nokia overlay I-HSPA is designed for multi-vendor environment.
i-HSPA enables lower latency with less network elements
i-HSPA has lower opex with up to 50% more efficient transport and less network
elements
i-HSPA has lower capex with only two network elements in user plane
i-HSPA is ready for R7 40 Mbps user rates and >>100 Gbps network capacity
WiMAX
Wimax Introduction

For internal use

30 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 Current Wireless
Approaches

Broadband Wireless
Wireless LANS Cellular
Access

• Enterprise & Hotspots • Outdoor

• Outdoor/Indoor
• Fixed • Fixed
• Mobile
• High Data Rates • High Data Rates
• Medium Data Rates
• Data Only • Mostly Data
• Voice & Data
•Successful Deployment • Very Low Deployment
• Successful Deployment
 WiMax
WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is an association/forum that
promotes broadband wireless technology defined by IEEE 802.16 committee.

802.16 defined radio interface, it does not define end-to-end network architecture.. The
WiMax forum has defined such an architecture which is an ALL-IP based network.

Another key role of the WiMax forum is to act as the certification and verification body for
vendor equipment. To ensure interoperability, the WiMax forum must ensure that
manufacturers implement a certain set of features defined in 802.16. The WiMax forum
defines the system profile which defines all the features that must be integrated by all the
equipment manufacturers.
IEEE 802.16

IEEE 802 is known for defining LAN standards and supporting technologies. These include
Ethernet, WLAN (WiFi) which was defined by 802.11 subcommittee. IEEE 802 has accepted the
additional responsibility of defining broadband Wireless technology for use as backhaul & fixed
wireless access.

The 802.16 subcommittee has been tasked with defining BWA technology for fixed, portable &
mobile applications. 802.16 has defined both Point To Point (PTP) and Point To Multipoint (PMP)
systems. These access technologies are designed as an alternative to wireline broadband
technologies
 What is WiMax
• "WiMAX is not a technology, but rather a certification mark, or 'stamp of approval'
given to equipment that meets certain conformity and interoperability tests for the
IEEE 802.16 family of standards.
• A similar confusion surrounds the term Wi-Fi, which like WiMAX, is a certification
mark for equipment based on a different set of IEEE standards from the 802.11
working group for wireless local area networks (WLAN).
• Neither WiMAX, nor Wi-Fi is a technology but their names have been adopted in
popular usage to denote the technologies behind them. This is likely due to the
difficulty of using terms like 'IEEE 802.16' in common speech and writing."
Wimax standards

802.16e standard is flexible and has many implementation options

System profiles defines set of mandatory and optional features
selected from the options set by the standard

WiMAX Forum
 WiMax Quick Overview
WiMAX is a TDD /FDD system
• With various carrier bandwidth and frequency re-use options
Frequency bands for WiMAX:
• 2.5 / 2.6 GHz (licensed)
• 3.5 GHz (licensed)
• 5.8 GHz (unlicensed)
Amount of spectrum needed:
• Min. 10 MHz, up to 15 – 30 MHz
Typical cell ranges @ 2.5 GHz:
• 500 m – 1.5 km, for suburban and urban with indoor coverage
Estimated aggregate data rates:
• 2.7 Mbps per sector for 10 MHz carrier
• 8 Mbps per sector in case of 3x 10 MHz carrier used
• Theoretical peak rate: 70 Mbps in case of 20 MHz carrier used
Network architecture:
• IP based, but still to be specified in detail by WiMAX Forum
Wimax radio summary

Based on OFDMA
• Bandwidth divided into several sub carriers (tones)
• Sub channel= set of sub carriers
• Adaptive Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM

Different deployment options bring flexibility

Feature Deployment options
Used spectrum 2.3, 2.5, 3.3, 3.5, etc. GHz
Bandwidth 1.25 – 20 MHz
Duplex TDD or FDD
Sub channel/frequency 1/3, 1/4 , 1 (PUSC/FUSC)
reuse
 Wimax Spectrum Allocation – Region wise
WiFi 2.4 GHz

Supported in Nokia Release 1

2400 – 2483.5 MHz
2305 – 2320 MHz

2345 – 2360 MHz

2496 – 2690 MHz

3600 – 3800 MHz

3400 – 3600 MHz
3300 – 3400 MHz
Future Candidate

(upper)
(lower)
Band class 3 Band class 5
2.5 GHz 3.5 GHz

Class 1: 2.3-2.4 GHz Class 4

Class 2: 2.305-2.320, 2.345-2.360 Main frequency
3.3 GHz Region
GHz bands planned
Europe 2.5, 3.5 GHz
North America 2.5 GHz
• Wimax spectrum will be allocated to operators by Latin America 2.5, 3.5 GHz
national regulator China 3.5 GHz
India 3.3 GHz
Korea 2.3-2.4 GHz
• Preliminary Wimax Forum Certification Profiles focus on Africa, Middle East 2.5, 3.5 GHz
licensed 2.5 & 3.5GHz bands APAC 2.5, 3.5 GHz

• 3G extension main target for 2.5 GHz band in Europe,

10Mhz guard band on both side of a 50 MHz band.
 WiMax Network Architecture

Station
Access can
ConnectivitybeService
Servicemobile or
Network static depending
contains
Network IPupon
network
provides the subscriber
functions needed
connectivity profile
to thetoWIMAX
providesubscribers.
access to aIts
wimax
subscriber. These allocation
functions include include layer 2 addresses
of IP connectivity,
to transfer of authentication,
the mobiles, accounting
internet access, Access,
messages to the
Authorization andhome Nstworkservices
Accounting Serviceas
Provider, LayerASN
well as inter 3 relay function
mobility andand radio resource
subscribers profile
management. The ASN comprises of Base Station and ASN Gateway
 WiMax Network Architecture

MSS
Application Service
R1 R2 AAA Provider
Server
ASN

BS R6 CSN DHCP
Router CSN Server
“ASN GW” Visited CSN
R8
DNS R5
BS HA
Server
AAA
MSS R4 R3 Server Internet
ASN
CSN DHCP
R1 BS R6 Router CSN Server
R8 “ASN GW”
HA DNS
BS Server Application Service
Provider
IEEE802.16e Specs vs WiMAX Forum Profiles

WiMAX Forum profiles define the practical system parameters

802.16e WiMAX profiles

Bandwidth 1.25 – 20 MHz 5 – 10 MHz

Cyclic prefix ¼ 1/32 1/8

Frame length 2-20 ms 5 ms

HARQ methods CC and IR CC

Uplink modulation QPSK, 16QAM, QPSK, 16QAM

64QAM
MIMO with With PUSC and FUSC With PUSC
PUSC/FUSC
MIMO method Open and closed loop Open loop
WiMAX Spectrum Requirements

WiMAX is recommended to be deployed with reuse 3

Minimum spectrum 5 MHz per sector  15 MHz in total
Preferred spectrum 10 MHz per sector to achieve higher data rates
and higher capacity  30 MHz in total
Minimum 15 MHz Recommended 30 MHz

5 MHz 10 MHz

5 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 10 MHz

OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

For internal use

45 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 OFDM Technology

OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

The concept is similar to FDMA where a transmitter is capable of
transmitting simultaneous narrow band signals (subcarriers)

– FDM  Spread your data on sub-bands, data is correct on all the good sub-
bands
– Avoid interference between the sub-band signals:
– Orthogonal  Sub-carrier spacing = 1/symbol duration

• The narrowband signals are advantageous in a multipath

environment due to smaller bandwidth
– More resistant to frequency selective fading
– Longer coherence time
Simplified example of OFDM and QPSK

OFDM is a multicarrier system, where data is transmitted in parallel using

several carriers at the same time. Each carrier is modulated with digital
modulation like QPSK or 16QAM.
Example: 7-carrier OFDM using QPSK: QPSK modulation to 7 carriers
OFDM symbol duration 14 s
Bit stream, 1 bit/s, 14 bits
10110110000111
11 11
14 s
01 01
00 00
Division to two bit
groups (symbols) 10 10
01 01
14 s 11 11
Serial to 10 10
10 11 01 10 00 01 11 parallel
conversion 14s 14s
Seven (serial) 2-bit symbols Seven (parallel) 2-bit symbols
Symbol duration 2 s Symbol duration 14 s
OFDM Basics (1)
OFDM Basics (2)
OFDM Basics (3)
OFDM Basics (4)
OFDM Basics (5)
OFDM Basics (6)
OFDM Basics (7)
 Power and Bandwidth of OFDM

Power bandwidth

frequency

The throughput is the sum of the data rates of

The subcarriers are
each individual (or used) subcarriers while the power
densely packed in a
is distributed to all used subcarriers
controlled manner
 Sub channel in WiMax

The primary goal of OFDM system is to avoid interference

between users in same cell and minimising interference
between different cells.
Since BS is responsible for subcarrier allocation both in DL
& UL hence, 802.16 specifies the use of subchannel.
A subchannel has a group of subcarriers that might be
adjacent or distributed.
The subcarriers are grouped into subchannels in different
ways : -
– Partial Usage of Subcarriers (PUSC)
– Full Usage of subcarrier (FUSC).
WiMAX Reuse with PUSC/FUSC
Partial use of subcarriers (PUSC)
• Part of subcarriers used
• PUSC reduces peak data rate
Full use of subcarriers (FUSC)
• All subcarriers used
• FUSC provides maximum bit rates

PUSC-3 FUSC

f3
Cell 1 Cell 1
f1
Cell 2 Cell 2
f2

Cell 3 Cell 3
 Preferred Bandwidths

The preferred bandwidth for Release-1 (Nokia) are:

• 5 MHz – NFFT=512
• 7 MHz – NFFT=1024
• 10 MHz – NFFT=1024
For scalable OFDMA, the preferred bandwidths are:
• 5 MHz – NFFT=512
• 10 MHz – NFFT=1024
• 20 MHz – NFFT=2048 (not yet)
Broadband Wireless Benchmarking

For internal use

60 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 • HSPA and WiMAX peak rates are similar
Peak Data Rates in Theory• LTE has highest peak data rates due to 2x20 MHz spectrum
Downlink 2x2MIMO2 HSPA FDD4 WiMAX TDD1 LTE FDD

2x2.5 (1x5) MHz - 20 Mbps 18 Mbps

2x3.5 (1x7) MHz - 28 Mbps -
2x5 (1x10) MHz 35 Mbps 40 Mbps 36 Mbps
2x10 (1x20) MHz - - 72 Mbps
2x20 MHz - - 144 Mbps

Uplink3 HSPA FDD4 WiMAX TDD1 LTE FDD

2x2.5 (1x5) MHz - 4.1 Mbps 5 Mbps

2x3.5 (1x7) MHz - 5.5 Mbps -
2x5 (1x10) MHz 8.6 Mbps 8.3 Mbps 10 Mbps
2x10 (1x20) MHz - - 19 Mbps
2x20 MHz - - 38 Mbps
1Downlink:uplink ratio 1.6:1.0
= typical bandwidth
2Downlink with 64QAM and 5/6 coding
3Uplink with 16QAM and ¾ coding
4HSPA 3GPP R7 assumed
Peak Data Rates in Nokia Products

HSPA has started 2 years before WiMAX

WiMAX will have higher peak data rate than HSPA during 2008

Nokia DL: 3.6 Mbps DL: 10 Mbps DL: 14 Mbps DL: 42 Mbps
HSPA
UL: 0.4 Mbps UL: 1.5 Mbps UL: 5.8 Mbps UL: 11 Mbps
2x5 MHz
2006 2007 2008 2009+
Nokia
WiMAX DL: 20 Mbps DL: 40 Mbps
1x10 UL: 3.5 Mbps UL: 7 Mbps
MHz
Spectral Efficiency Benchmarking
Similar spectral efficiency for HSPA evolution and WiMAX
LTE provides 50% higher efficiency than HSPA or WiMAX
Spectral efficiency
2.5
Downlink
2.0 Uplink
bps/Hz/cell

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
HSPA R6 HSPA R6 HSPA R7 WiMAX LTE
(TU channel) (Vehicular A) MIMO + reuse 3
64QAM + (29:18 TDD)
equalizer
Cell Throughput Benchmarking
WiMAX TDD assumes 29:18 asymmetry downlink : uplink
HSPA and LTE assume FDD
Throughput with 2 x 15 MHz
50
45 Uplink
40 Downlink
35
30
Mbps

25
20
15
10
5
0
HSPA R6 (TU HSPA R6 HSPA R7 WiMAX reuse LTE
channel) (Vehicular A) MIMO + 3 (29:18 TDD)
64QAM +
equalizer
 WiMAX has Coverage Challenge

High deployment frequency at 2.5 or 3.5 GHz

Time division duplex (TDD)
Lower mobile power levels (OFDM backoff)

HSPA WiMAX Coverage effect

Spectrum 2100 MHz 2500 MHz 4 dB

Typical mobile power 250 mW 200 mW2 1 dB

Duplexing FDD TDD (29:18) 4 dB1

Total 9 dB
1Uplink average power reduction with downlink:uplink split
2OFDMA required backoff
Cell Range Rural Indoor with 95% Probability
Rural indoor

Uplink
WiMAX 3400 TDD Downlink

Assumptions:
WiMAX 2500 TDD • 80 m BTS antenna
• 15 dB indoor loss
• 95% location probability
• Correction factor -15 dB
HSPA2100 • 1.5 m CPE antenna height
• 0 dBi CPE antenna gain

HSPA900

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

km
Cell Range Rural Outdoor with 95% Probability
Rural outdoor

Uplink
WiMAX 3400 TDD Downlink
Assumptions:
• 80 m BTS antenna
WiMAX 2500 TDD • No indoor loss
• 95% location probability
• Correction factor -15 dB
• 2.5 m CPE antenna height
HSPA2100 • 8 dBi CPE antenna gain

HSPA900

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
km
 Evolution of Mobile Technology Capabilities
GSM WCDMA HSPA R7 WiMAX LTE R8 WLAN
EDGE R6 HSPA R6 (HSPA+) TDD8 10 FDD8 2x20 802.11g/n
MHz9 MHz
Theoretical peak bit rate in 0.4 / 0.4 14 / 5 42 / 11 44 / 7 170 / 50 54 Mbps10
ideal case DL/UL1 Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps 260Mbps10
Latency (round trip) 150 ms 50 ms 30 ms 30 ms 10 ms <5 ms
Spectral efficiency data
0.4 / 0.4 0.7 / 0.4 1.4 / 0.6 1.53 / 0.63 2.1 / 0.9 <0.51.0
DL/UL [bps/Hz/cell]2
Spectral efficiency voice 184 184235 305 185 45555 12
[users/MHz/cell]
Max path loss 1 Mbps / 64 162 dB 162 dB 162 dB 153 dB 162 dB 110 dB
kbps6 (voice)
850, 900, 1800, 850, 900, 1700, 850, 900, 1700, 2300, 2500, 850, 900, 1700,
Spectrum 1900 1700/2100, 1700/2100, 3500 1700/2100, 2400, 5400
1900, 2100 1900, 2100 1900, 2500
Cell range in urban area 2.87.4 km 2.87.4 km 2.87.4 km 0.61.5 km 2.87.4 km 30100 m
(indoor – outdoor)7
12x2 MIMO assumed in downlink for HSPA R7, WiMAX and LTE, but not in uplink. No MIMO for EDGE and HSPA R6. 2x2 MIMO in 802.11n
2Full buffer simulations with 2-antenna terminals in urban macro cells. EDGE R6 with 1-antenna terminals.
3Frequency reuse 3
4CS voice. GSM R6 with 1-antenna and GSM R7 given with 1 and 2-antenna terminals. GSM HR 4.75-7.4 kbps, WCDMA 7.95 kbps, cdma
EVRC
5VoIP with 2-antenna terminals. Uplink limited. AMR 7.95 kbps
61 Mbps downlink and 64 kbps uplink with 18 dBi BTS antenna without body loss. GSM value for voice with body loss. Beamforming gain would
increase the max path loss
73GPP technologies at 850/900 band, WiMAX at 2500 band and WLAN at 2400 band.
8LTE includes also TDD mode and WiMAX also FDD mode
9Downlink:uplink split 2:1
10The peak user rate is approx 50% of these L1 rates, so 25-30 Mbps. That peak user rate is shared between uplink and downlink due to TDD
structure. 802.11n with 2x2 MIMO and 40 MHz bandwidth at 5 GHz band.