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1. Brexit refers to the UK's decision in a 2016 referendum to leave the European Union.
2. The referendum results were unexpected, with 51.9% voting to leave, largely due to older, less educated voters opposing immigration.
3. Prime Minister Theresa May is now tasked with negotiating the UK's withdrawal from the EU under Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, which allows two years for an agreement. The process has proven complicated with issues around money owed, the future of Scotland and Northern Ireland, and international trade agreements.
Originalbeschreibung:
İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi,
3. sınıf, Uluslararası İlişkiler bölümü.
1. Brexit refers to the UK's decision in a 2016 referendum to leave the European Union.
2. The referendum results were unexpected, with 51.9% voting to leave, largely due to older, less educated voters opposing immigration.
3. Prime Minister Theresa May is now tasked with negotiating the UK's withdrawal from the EU under Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, which allows two years for an agreement. The process has proven complicated with issues around money owed, the future of Scotland and Northern Ireland, and international trade agreements.
1. Brexit refers to the UK's decision in a 2016 referendum to leave the European Union.
2. The referendum results were unexpected, with 51.9% voting to leave, largely due to older, less educated voters opposing immigration.
3. Prime Minister Theresa May is now tasked with negotiating the UK's withdrawal from the EU under Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty, which allows two years for an agreement. The process has proven complicated with issues around money owed, the future of Scotland and Northern Ireland, and international trade agreements.
by Amira Nadja Binti Mohamed Nasran What is BREXIT?
Brexit is an abbreviation (kısaltma) for “British exit”,
referring to the UK's decision in a June 23, 2016 referendum to leave the European Union (EU) EU and Great Britain : A History • The World War I and II had brought about unprecedented deaths and destructions to the continent. • A simple theory gained traction; if countries form stronger economic ties, they will be less likely to fight each other. • In 1957, the European Economic Community (EEC) was officially established by the Treaty of Rome. • It was then consisted of six member states - Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, West Germany and the Netherlands. • But the UK was not included. • It tried to join in 1963 and 1969, but was vetoed and blocked by the current French President Charles De Gaulle. • De Gaulle doubted the UK's political will and his official reason was that the UK’s economy was not compatible (uyumlu değil) with Europe’s. • A few years later, once the Gaulle was out of power, the UK became the member of EEC with Ireland and Denmark. • But not everyone was sold on the idea of joining the EEC. 1975 UK Common Market Referendum • In 1975, two years after joining in, the UK embraces Europe in referendum.
•British voters have backed
the UK's continued membership of the EEC by a large majority in with 67.2%.
•Despite several cabinet
ministers having come out in favour of British withdrawal. David Cameron and Conservative Party • In 2013, UK Prime Minister David Cameron pledged (taahhüt edilmiş) to hold a referendum during the early part of the next parliament - by the end of 2017 at the latest - if the Conservatives win the 2015 general election. • Cameron did win the re-election (yeniden seçim). • Soon afterwards the European Union Referendum Act 2015 was introduced into Parliament to enable the referendum. • In a speech to the House of Commons (avam kamarası) on 22 February 2016, Cameron announced a referendum date of 23 June 2016. • Cameron favoured (tercih edilen) remaining in a reformed European Union. 2016 Referendum on EU Membership : Campaign groups “Leave” ISSUES “Remain” (Vote Leave) (Britain Stronger in Europe) Britain can never control Leaving will not solve the immigration until it leaves the migration crisis but bring it to European Union, because Britain’s doorstep because freedom of movement gives IMMIGRATION border controls from the other EU citizens an (göçmenlik) Continent will move from automatic right to live there. Calais in France to Dover in UK.
Britain’s links with the EU are
holding back its focus on emerging markets – there is TRADE 44% of Britain’s exports go to no major trade deal with (ticaret) other EU countries. Putting up China or India, for example. barriers with the countries that Leaving would allow the UK Britain trades with most would to diversify its international be counterproductive. links. Too many of Britain’s laws are The exit campaign has over- made overseas by dictates exaggerated how many laws are passed down from Brussels and LAW determined by the European rulings upheld by the European (hukuk) Commission. It is better to shape Court of Justice. UK courts EU-wide laws from the inside must become sovereign again. rather than walking away.
Around three million jobs are
The danger to jobs has been linked to the EU and will be over-exaggerated. By plunged into uncertainty if incentivising investment JOB voters plump for exit, as through low corporation tax, (iş) businesses would be less likely to Britain can still flourish. invest if the country was outside Europe.
Britain does not need the EU to In a globalising world the UK’s
prosper internationally. With interests are best protected by the Commonwealth, the UK remaining part of the EU block, can have just as much clout as CLOUT with American and Chinese it does from inside the EU. (etki) leaders indicating as much. Talk of capital flight is Banks will flee the UK nonsense. London will and the City of remain a leading financial London collapse if Britain centre outside the EU and FINANCE votes for exit, because the banks will still want to be (finans) trading advantages of being headquartered in Britain inside the EU help boost due to low tax rates. banks' profits. Britain could soon be asked to contribute to a EU Army, European countries together with reports suggesting are facing the threats from Angela Merkel may ISIS and a resurgent Russia. demand the Prime DEFENCE Working together to combat Minister’s approval in (müdafaa) these challenges is best – an return for other effort that would be concessions. That would undermined if Britain turns erode the UK’s independent its back on the EU. military force and should be opposed. The Referendum Results : Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and England The reason for the unexpected outcome ;-
1. According to London School of Economics
economist Thomas Sampson, "Older and less-educated voters were more likely to vote “leave.” 2. Poor economic outcomes at the individual or area level were associated with voting to leave. 3. Support for leaving the European Union is strongly associated with self-reported opposition to immigration. • The vote's result defied expectations and roiled global markets, causing the British pound to fall to its lowest level against the dollar in 30 years. Theresa May and BREXIT
• Prime Minister David Cameron
resigned the morning after the vote and a few weeks later • Theresa May was elected leader of the Conservative Party and new Prime Minister. • Theresa May was against Brexit during the referendum campaign but is now in favour of it because she says it is what the British people want. • Her key message has been that "Brexit means Brexit" Article 50 • The process of leaving the EU formally began on March 29, 2017, after May sent a letter to EU President Donald Tusk, triggering (tetikleme) Article 50 of the Treaty. • Article 50 is the process set out in the Lisbon Treaties for Member States to follow when leaving. It is the only lawful way to withdraw from the EU. • The UK has two years from that date to negotiate (müzakere etmek) a new relationship with the EU. • Meaning the UK is scheduled to leave on Friday, 29 March 2019. • It can be extended (süresi uzatılabilir) if all 28 EU members agree. • Questions have swirled around the process, in part because Britain's constitution is unwritten (yazısız) and in part because no country has left the EU using Article 50 before. Great Repeal Bill and EU Law • the repeal bill will repeal the 1972 European Communities Act, which took Britain into the EU and meant that European law took precedence over laws passed in the UK Parliament. • It will also end the power of the European Court of Justice in the UK. • All existing EU legislation will be copied across into domestic UK law to ensure a smooth transition on the day after Brexit. • Working out which bits of UK law came from the EU is not as simple as it may sound. • Until the UK actually leaves, EU law will continue to apply. But after leaving, the European Union (Withdrawal) Act (as it will be by then) comes into force (yürürlülüğe girmek). What makes the process to be more complicated? 1. The size of the “divorce bill”; – the sum of money demanded by the EU from the UK for the departure, £35 billion to £39 billion (equivalent to 179 billion Turkish Liras to 200 billion Turkish Liras)
2 . future of Scottish secession (ayrılma),
– Scotland pushes independence from British on the day after the UK as a whole voted to leave, while Scotland voted to remain in EU – Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon confirmed her intention to hold a second referendum on Scottish independence between fall 2018 and spring 2019 – “I am ensuring that Scotland’s future will be decided by … the people of Scotland,” Sturgeon said. 3. Britain's international agreements, − According to the Financial Times there were approximately 759 international agreements, spanning 168 non-EU countries, that the UK would no longer be a party to upon leaving the EU. − This figure does not include WTO or UN opt-in accords, and excludes "narrow agreements", which may also have to be renegotiated. 4. Relations with the Republic of Ireland • There is still great uncertainty in relation to a "hard border" between the Republic and Northern Ireland. • At present as both the UK and the Republic of Ireland are members of the EU, and so are in both the Customs Union (gümrük birliği) and the Single Market (ortak pazar), and there is freedom of movement within the Common Travel Area, no checks of any kind take place at the border. • Following Brexit, the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland will become a land border between the EU and UK (a non-EU state). • A referendum for the reunification of Ireland (Irlanda'nın birleşmesi) was immediately after the UK-EU referendum results were announced. • In April 2017 the European Council agreed that, in the event of Irish reunification, Northern Ireland would rejoin the EU. 5. the borders with France and between Gibraltar and Spain FRANCE GIBRALTAR • If Britain leaves Europe, right • Gibraltar is a British Overseas away the border will Territory and headland, on leave Calais and go to Dover. Spain's south coast. France will not continue to • Remain has taken 96 per cent of guard the border for Britain if the vote in the EU it's no longer in the EU. referendum in Gibraltar Soft BREXIT or Hard BREXIT • Mainly had to do with trade and immigration
Soft Hard
Keep things as they are now Import taxes on goods and services in both directions
Continue the free movement of Restrict the immigration of EU
people and goods citizens into the UK
• Example of soft Brexit : Norway
It is a member of single market but not the full member of EU. It accepts the free movement of people. Conclusions : The Future of UK • The future of UK is still uncertain. • Talks and negotiations are still ongoing about the size of the “divorce bill” - the sum of money demanded by the EU from the UK for the departure, future of Scottish secession, Britain's international agreements, relations with the Republic of Ireland, the borders with France and between Gibraltar and Spain. • UK still has long way to go, and 2 years is not enough. • There are possibility that UK would not actually leave EU. As according to Lord Kerr, the Article 50 – after triggering – is still revocable (iptali mümkün/ geri alınabilir).
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