OBJECTIVE

To get the knowledge on quality of concrete,

durability aspects, causes of deterioration,
assessment of distressed structures, repairing of
structures and demolition procedures.
 MAINTENANCE
Definition:
Maintenance of building is
defined as the work done to keep the
civil engineering structures in
working condition so as to enable
them to carry out the functions for
which they are constructed.
 Necessity of maintenance
The maintenance of structures is done to
meet the following objectives.
· Prevent damages and decay due to
natural agencies and wear & tear
- to keep them in good appearance
and working condition.
· Repair defects occurred in structures
and strengthen them, if necessary.
Maintenance work on dam structure
Classification of Maintenance
Work:
· Preventive Maintenance
· Remedial Maintenance
· Routine Maintenance
· Special Maintenance
Preventive Maintenance:
-before the defects occurred or
damages developed
 Remedial Maintenance:
-after the defects or
damage occurs in the structures.
It involves the following basic steps.
• Finding the deterioration .
• Determining the causes.
• Evaluating the strength of the existing
structures.
• Evaluating the need of the structures.
•Selecting and implementing the repair
procedure
Routine Maintenance:
• maintenance attended to the structure periodically.
• It depends upon specifications and materials of
structures ,purpose , intensity and condition of use .
•It is done by the fund provided annually, which is
normally 1.5% of the cost of construction.
•It includes the inspection, planning the programme
and execute.
•It includes white washing, patching repair to plaster,
replacement of fitting and fixtures, blinding of road
surface.
Special Maintenance:
• work not covered in routing programme or the
annual repair
- is done under special condition
• It may be done for strengthening and updating
of the structure
- to meet the new condition of usage or to
increase its serviceability.
•It include particular or complete renewal, such
as renewal of floors, roofs etc
Special Maintenance
Causes which necessitate the
maintenance:
The causes which effects the service
and durability of the structure are as
follows:
· Atmospheric Agencies
1. Rain 2. Wind 3. Temperature.
· Normal wear and tear.
· Failure of structure.
 Atmospheric Agencies
1. Rain:
-important source of water which affects
the structure in the following ways.
Physical:
Dissolving and carrying away minerals as it
is universal solvent.
 Expansion and contraction:
- materials subjected to repetitive
expansion and contraction
- while they become wet and dry and
develop the stresses.
Expansion of water:
- variation of temperature causes the
expansion and construction of absorbed
water affects the micro structures of the
materials.
 Erosion:
Abrasion of the structure materials is quite
evident effect of the water.

Spillway damage
 Chemical:
Water contains acids and alkali and
other compound in dissolved form, acts
over the material
-which is known as chemical
weathering.

H2S corrosion on the concrete walls

2.Wind:which transports the abrasive
materials and assists the physical
weathering.

3.Temperature: The temperature

variation may also change in the
structure and chemical composition of
the materials.
 Normal wear and tear:
During the use of structure it is subjected
to abrasion and there by it losses
appearance and serviceability.

Concrete damage was found to be a serious threat

to the structural integrity of spillway.
 Failure of structure:

-behavior of structure not in

agreement with expected condition of
stability
-or lacking freedom from necessary
repair or non- compliance with desired
use of and occupancy of the completed
structure.
The causes of failure may be broadly
grouped as:
· Improper design.
· Defective construction.
· Improper use of structure
· Lack of maintenance.
 Inspection of a Building:
Inspection of a building and any other
civil engineering structure is routine duty of
person in charge maintenance.
-It means keen, analytic and dynamic
observation regarding
• the change in condition of the structure
deterioration
• reason and the causes, failure
• concluding the remedies for the same.
The inspections should be made on the
following points.
• Condition of wall paint.
• Condition of paint on wood- work.
• Condition of flooring
• Roof leakage, leakage. if any
• Dampness in wall or floors, if any
• Condition of service fittings.
• Drainage from terrace or pitched like
· Growth of vegetation, if any
· Structural defects like
1. Crack
2. Settlement
3. Deflection (sagging)
CAUSES OF DETERIORATION

1. Local settlement of sub-grade.

2. Movement of formwork.

3. Vibrations

4. Internal settlement of concrete

suspension.

5. Setting shrinkage.
6. Premature removal of forms.
7. Drying shrinkage
8. Temperature stresses
This may be due to
(i)Difference in temperature
between the inside and outside of the
building.
(ii)Variation in internal temperature
of the building structure.
9. Absorption of moisture by concrete
10. Corrosion of reinforcement
This could be caused by
(i)Entry of moisture through cracks
or pores
(ii)Electrolytic action
11. Aggressive action of chemical
12. Weathering action
13. Action of shockwaves
14. Erosion
15. Weathering action
16. Action of shockwaves
17. Erosion
18. Poor design details at
(i) Re- entrant corners
(ii) Changes in cross section
(iii)Rigid joint precast elements
(iv)Deflections
Poor design details leads to
1. Leakage through joints
2. Inadequate drainage
3. Inefficient drainage slope
4. Unanticipated shear stresses in piers, column
and abutments etc..,
5. Incompatibility of materials of sections.
6. Neglect in design
7. Errors in design
8. Errors in earlier repairs
9. Overloading
10. External influences such as(a) Earthquake
(b) Wind(c) Fire(e) Cyclone(f) Flash floors etc..,
Need for Quality Assurance
•All involved with the construction and use of a concrete structure are
concerned that the quality is necessary to give good performance and
appearance throughout its intended life.

•The client requires it in promoting his next engineering scheme.

•The designer depends on it for his reputation and professional satisfaction.

•The material producer is influenced by the quality of work in his future sales.
•The building contractor also relies on it to promote his organization in
procuring future contracts, but his task is often considerably complicated by
the problems of time scheduling and costs.

•Finally the user is rewarded by a functionally efficient structure of good

appearance. It would seem to follow therefore that since all responsible parties
gain by quality it should be automatically achieved.
•Yet this is not so, and a considerable positive effort must be employed to
achieve it.
•This effort can best be expanded by instituting a quality assurance scheme
which involves each of the above parties.
 The quality management system in a true sense
should have the following three components

(1) Quality assurance plan (QAP)

(2) Quality control process (QC)

(3) Quality audit (QA)

 Quality assurance plan
The following aspects should be addressed by any QAP:
• Organizational Set-up

• Responsibilities of personnel

• Coordinating personnel

• Quality control measure

• Control norms and limit

• Acceptance/rejection criteria

• Inspection program

• Sampling, testing and documentation

• Material specification and qualification

• Corrective measure for noncompliance

• Resolution of disputed/difficulties

• Preparation of maintenance record

The quality assurance plan starts right from the planning and design stage itself, and it
can be defined as a procedure for selecting a level of quality required for a project.
 Quality Control Plan

•It is a system of procedures and standards by which the

contractor, the product manufacture, and the engineer monitor
the properties of the product.

•Generally the contracting agency is responsible for the QC

process.

•A contractor responsible for quality control incurs a cost for it,

which is less than the uncontrolled cost for correcting the
defective workmanship or replacing the defective material.
Hence it is prudent to introduce effective quality control
Quality Audit
This is the system of tracing and documentation of quality assurance
and quality control program.

It is the responsibility of the process owner.

Both design and construction processes come under this process.

The concept of QA encompasses the project as a whole.

Each element of the project comes under the preview of quality audit