Digital Communication

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 Objectives
• Discuss the advantages of digital Communication.
• Calculate the minimum sampling rate for a signal and
explain the necessity for sampling at that rate and
above.
• Describe PCM and calculate the number of quantizing
levels, the bit rate, and the dynamic range for PCM
systems.
• Explain companding, show how it is accomplished,
and explain its effects.
• Distinguish between lossless and lossy compression
and provide examples of each.

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 Digital Signals
• Digital signals can be manipulated more
easily than analog signals. Easier to
multiplex.
• Easy to encrypt to ensure privacy.
• Error control.
• Data Compression to reduce bandwidth.

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 Analog to Digital Encoding

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 Sampling
• To transmit an analog signal digitally, we must first
sample the signal. This involves finding its amplitude at
discrete time intervals.
• To reconstruct a band-limited analog signal from periodic
samples, as long as the sampling rate is at least twice
the frequency of the highest-frequency component of the
signal.
• If the sampling rate is too low, a form of distortion called
aliasing or foldover distortion is produced.
• The sampling process is equivalent to multiplying the
baseband signal by a pulse train at the sampling
frequency.

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 Aliasing

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 Sampling
• A sampler is like a mixer or modulator. When an
analog frequency is sampled by a sampling
frequency, the analog signal modulates the
sampling frequency. This generates sidebands of
the fundamental and higher harmonics of the
sampling frequency with energy distribution as
show below.
Output = Fa,Fs,Fs-Fa,Fs+Fa,2Fs,2Fs-
Fa,2Fs+Fa,3Fs, 3Fs-Fa,3Fs+Fa+……..

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 Example
• An analog frequency of 2.5 KHz is being sampled
by a sampling frequency of 6 KHz. Draw the
frequency spectrum of the sampled output.
Assume receiver filter BW is 4 KHz.
Solution:
Fa = 2.5 KHz, Fs = 6 KHz, 2Fs = 12 KHz, 3Fs = 18
KHz, Fs-Fa = 3.5, Fs+Fa=8.5, 2Fs-Fa=9.5,
2Fs+Fa=14.5, 3Fs-Fa=15.5, 3Fs+Fa=20.5 KHz
The 3.5 KHz unwanted sideband is allowed to pass
mixed with the 2.5 KHz intended signal. Inclusion
of this unwanted sideband in the received output
generates a noise called aliasing noise or foldover
distortion.

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 Sampling

• The spectrum of the

pulse train shown is given
as:

• For simplicity, we assume

that the signal to be
sampled, which we called
baseband signal, is a sine
wave: eb  Eb sin bt

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 Sampling
• Multiplying the two signals and taking into account
only the first two terms, we get

• The other terms are not interesting here because

they all represent frequencies greater than ωs- ωb.
If we make sure that ωs- ωb > ωb, these other
terms will not be a problem.

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 Example

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 Quantizing Error (Noise)
• Since the original analog signal can have an
infinite number of signal levels, the quantizing
process will produce errors called quantizing
errors.
• The largest possible error is one-half the
difference between levels.
• The error is proportionately greater for small
signals.
• The level of quantizing noise can be decreased
by increasing the number of levels, which also
increases the number of bits that must be used
per sample.
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 Dynamic Range
• The ratio between the stronger possible
signal that can be transmitted and the
weakest discernible signal.
• For a linear PCM system, the maximum
dynamic range in decibels is given
approximately by DR = 1.76 + 6.02m dB
m- number of bits per sample

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 Pulse Code Modulation
• PCM is the most commonly used digital
modulation scheme.
• Quantization- In PCM the available range of
signal voltages is divided into levels, and each is
assigned a binary number.
• Each sample is represented by the binary
number representing the level closest to its
amplitude, and this number is transmitted in
serial form.
• The number of levels available depends on the
number of bits used to express the sample
value.
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 PCM

Analog
source Sampler Quantizer Encoder
signal PCM Signal

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 Quantization

Sampling
PCM

Binary
Encoding

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