Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
YES, it’s Hungary. They opposed to the Soviet control after the death of Stalin. But why????
1. Hungary ran by Hungarian Communist Party. But they only won 17% vote during the election
2. People suffered from the strict repression : Censorship, Secret police, Restriction in education,
Banning religion from being subversive
3. Hungary was poor and they needed buildings. Most of the industrial production were sent to
Russia including food production.
4. People of Hungary were unhappy with the hard line communist leader :
Rakosi Gero Imre Nagy
(retired) (Unacceptable) (Forming new govt.)
ACTIONS PLANNED BY NAGY’S MOVEMENT?
Imre Nagy introduced a plan to change life in Hungary .
Nikita Kruschev was not preparing to approve Nagy’s reform and he wanted to remove
Hungary from Warsaw Pact.
Oct,28 . Kruschev was planning to remove Soviet troops from Hungary
By Nov,11 , Thousands of Soviet troops and 1thousand tanks moved into Budapest.
There was a bitter street fighting .
There was about 3000 Hungarians died along with about 8000 Russians. Over 200
thousand fled the country.
Nagy was imprisoned and later executed.
6.2 Why was there opposition
to Soviet control in
Czechoslovakia in 1968 and
how did the USSR react?
Why there are oppositions in Czechoslovakia?
Why??
- Communist were restrictive (there was censorship, no What Dubcek wanted for Czechoslovakia?
freedom of speech , and secret police became aspect of - Less state control, to end press censorship, curb
daily life hated by people. the power of the secret police and right on
-Standard of living was dropping in 1960’s holding a free election (not one state party)
- Improving Czech economy for example right to
grow plants for farmers so that they don’t need
Dubcek introduced “ Prague Spring “ in 1968 to be told what type of plant needs to be grown
(socialism with the human face)
- To increase economic trade with western
- Abolition of censorship allowing press to print what countries
they wanted
- He wanted to be remembered as loyal to
- Freedom of speech allowing criticism of the govt. communist (belief in Warsaw Pact)
- Freedom of movement for all people allowing to - To have freedom of travelling abroad
visit west and other European country.
- Dubcek did not want to leave Warsaw Pact weary of
what happened in Hungry
- Dubcek was planning to cooperate with Romania
and Yugoslavia.
Meanwhile in Russia…
In 1968, Brezhnev had taken over as
leader of Soviet Union
The Brezhnev Doctrine
His aim was to maintain Soviet control
over Easter Europe -Introduced to stop such events
happening again in other countries
Czechoslovakia was an important country
within Warsaw Pact because of the strength - It stated all Warsaw Pact countries
of its industry. must work together to prevent any
country from leaving the pact
He determined to take action to stop
reform in Czechoslovakia - Military forces could be used by USSR
if any attempt made by any member
Why??? –because if Czechoslovakia gain country.
more freedom, the other countries would
want the same.
Causes Both countries had a long term *Hungary was affected by issues in other countries: The
resentment of Soviet rule rebellion in Poland inspired them to act
*Czech was affected by home issues: Economic
depression and desire for political changes
Aims of Both wanted to give their people *In Hungary, the changes included withdrawing from
the rebels more right and reducing the Warsaw pact
control of communist state *Czechoslovakia wanted to remain in Warsaw Pact.
Actions of Both involved groups of people *In Hungary, it was people who acted at first
the people protesting * In Czech , the people’s actions were largely started by
their leaders
How were the events similar? How were they different?
Why was The Soviet Union was very *Political nature in Czechoslovakia was particularly
Soviet Union suspicious and fearful that any dangerous for the soviets. Event such “Prague spring” was
intervened? form of rebellion would spread started by people who were meant to be under Soviet
and lead to a split in its control Control
other countries
How did each Both leader were removed from *In Hungary , people armed themselves and fought when
state office. Soviets attacked
responded to Both resulted in mass *In Czech, Following order from the govt, ppl did not fight
Soviet back. But there were several protest after Russian invasion
intervention? including suicide
Reaction of the Reactions to both were wholly With the Czechoslovakian invasion, some members of the
wider world negative to Soviet use force . communist Warsaw Pact expressed shock at Soviet actions.
Situation in Hungary was Romanian leader complained about Russian intervention
discussed at the United Nation.
Soviet action upon
Czechoslovakia were
by some other countries
including USA
6.4 WHY WAS THE BERLIN
WALL BUILT IN 1961?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7YE-N448fg – intro of berlin wall
6.4 WHY WAS THE BERLIN WALL BUILT IN 1961?
What was Berlin Wall? Why people were leaving East
Berlin?
- At the end of WW2, the city of Berlin was
split into 4 zones. A wall was constructed - Quality of life was much better in
to seal Est Berlin from the West the West (due to refusal of
Marshall Aid)
- Construction started by 13 August 1961,
its originally built with brbed wire but - In West Berlin, shops were filled
through time became a concrete wall with variety of goods and freedom
- All crossing point were sealed except one : - Significant attraction of capitalis m
Checkpoint Charlie compare to harsh communist
regime in East Germany under t he
- Its divided by a wall 87 miles long to
hard-line communist leader Wal ter
prevent movement of people from East
Ulbricht.
Germany to west
- Anyone trying to defect to West was shot
What was the impact of this
movement on East Germany?
Communists feared “brain drain’ What were the immediate consequences of the
as skilled workers including building of the Berlin wall?
engineers, teachers and lawyers - The flow of people from East to Wet stopped
were leaving the countries in hi-
numbers. - Berlin became a focus of the Cold war
of goods including foods - By the end of August the right to form union
free from govt. control was approved
Govt blocking any pay increase
- By mid September , “solidarity” was formed
Ppl were facing poverty and they
responded by going on strikes all across
the country
Why did the communist Polish Government agree to meet the
demand of the solidarity?
Popularity • Majority – The movement represented by 80% workers of wide spectrum of Polish life
• Walesa – He was seen as a folk hero by many
• News - Union messages spread through newspaper
Support of the • Influence – Polish had a strong faith for religion and churches
• Peace – Walesa was careful not to provoke the Soviet Union (Not to look down on
Soviet citizens had no loyalty to the govt. resenting the way their lives were run
The controlling of other countries were outdated. The Soviet Union could no longer
afford to maintain military presence in satellite countries.
The Soviet economy was facing a downfall . Too much money was spent for arm
race in Afghanistan .
Factories produced cheap product and there were shortage of foods
The living standard was low compared to the west
There was much corruption in government
The role of Gorbachev
He introduced policy of “glasnost” (openness)
This involved :
a. Freedom of expression
-more freedom for media
-Allowing news of govt. corruption and criticism of govt. officials
-Details about some of Stalin’s brutal excesses were revealed
The role of Gorbachev
He introduced policy of “perestroika” (reconstructing)
This aimed to make Soviet economy more modern and efficient. It included :
a.Encouraging private ownership of Soviet industry and agriculture
b.Reducing state control over imports and exports
c. Allowing trade with non-eastern bloc countries
d. An increase in the production and trade in consumer goods
Gorbachev and the collapse of communism
Introduced perestroika to
make soviet economy He abandoned Brezhnev
more modern and efficient doctrine and established
by increasing production relation with western
and trade in consumer countries
goods
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E
i1HnWwzmNk – Reagan speech in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z
Charlie checkpoint mRPP2WXX0U - Break o berlin wall